...there is no way to know if they are "benign" or motivated by racial politics. Such classifications are "odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality" \Shaw v. Reno 1993). "Assignment by race may serve to stimulate our society's latent race-consciousness"...

...and Revised Statutes §1978, 8 USC $42. In its opinion the Supreme Court reaffirmed the general rule, "Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odius to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality." (p. 646.) See...

...fall within the core of that prohibition... Classifications of citizens solely on the basis of race "are by their very nature odious to a free people...institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality. (Citation omitted). They threaten to stigmatize individuals by reason of their membership in a racial...

...v. Hays, Sup. Ct. Doc. No. 95-1710. 57 113 S.Ct. 2816, 2824-25(1993). 58 Id. at 2832(1993). 59 Ibid. "...by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality."60 In Shaw I the Court found that state redistricting legislation which expressly makes distinctions...

...discrimination."l Ifootnote omittedl. [2, 3] Accordingly, discrimination based upon race is highly suspect "Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very natore odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality," and "racial...

...must subject them to the most rigid scrutiny." 56 In Hirabayashi v. United States, the Court stated, "Distinctions between citizens solely because of their...institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality." 57 As history grimly recalls, there was a sharp disparity between the Court's rhetoric and its holdings...

...must subject them to the most rigid scrutiny."56 In Hirabayashi v. United States, the Court stated, "Distinctions between citizens solely because of their...whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality."57 As history grimly recalls, there was a sharp disparity between the Court's rhetoric and...

...must subject them to the most rigid scrutiny."56 In Hirabayashi v. United States, the Court stated, "Distinctions between citizens solely because of their...whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality."57 As history grimly recalls, there was a sharp disparity between the Court's rhetoric and...

...quoted a 1943 precedent that said, "Distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality. " Why are these principles largely ignored on reservations? The economic outlook in many ninl areas...

..."consistently repudiated '[d]istinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry* as being 'odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality/" Loving v. Virginia, 388 US 1, 11 (1967), quoting Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 US 81, 100 (1943)....