Constitutional Law

action activities adopted Amendment appellants applied argued argument asserted authority citizens claim Clause clear commerce concern Congress considered consti Constitution contract decided decision determine direct dissenting District doctrine due process duty effect equal established evidence executive exercise existence expression fact federal force Fourteenth Amendment freedom give granted ground held hold House important individual interest interpretation interstate commerce involved issue judges judgment judicial jurisdiction jury Justice legislative legislature less liberty limited majority matter means ment nature necessary officers operation opinion particular passed permit persons petitioners political practice present President principle privilege prohibition protection provisions question reason regulation relation religion religious respect result rule schools Senate specific speech standing statute suggested Supreme Court tion trial tution United violation Vote