Acquisitive society, 147 Advertising, consumption and, 100-03 Agriculture, problems of, Chapter XVIII, 320-45; income, 320-3; wealth, 323-5; population, 325-7; prices, 329-32; taxation, 325-7; transportation, 338; marketing, 340- 2; credit, 341, 575; international, 342-4; tariff, 696-7; medieval, 18; development, 29-30; production in- dexes, 41; per capita, 47-8; per worker, 48-9
Anthropology, early industry and, 7 Arbitration, 435-40
Automatic machine, 54-7
Backward countries, industrial revo- lution, 37
Banking, Chapter XXVII, 553-78; classification, 553-4; commercial, 554-5; discount, deposit and issue, 555-9; reserves, 564-5; Federal re- serve system, 562-4; discounts, 565-6, 569-70; clearance, 572-5; agriculture and, 576; price control, 576-8; business cycle, 605-8; for- eign trade, 701
Bargaining power, wages and, 381-2 Barter, 11
Birth rates, 411-12 Budgets, 82; fiscal, 741 Business, research, 77
Business cycle, wage control and, 389- 91; employment and, 421-3; prices. and, 541; meaning of, 578; dura- tion of, 578-81; phases of, 581-5; securities and speculation, 585-6; commodity prices, 587-9; interest rates, 590-1; profits, 592-4; Federal reserve policy, 599-607; production, 597-9; consumption, 599-600; em- ployment, 601-3; theories of, 603-5; stabilization of, 605-11
Capital, Chapters XIV-XVI, 247-94; definitions, 247-8; supply and de- mand, 253-7; corporation and, 257-9; value and, 259-61; growth of, 269-71; fluctuations in supply,
273-4; fluctuations in demand, 274; savings, 280-2; export of, 652-3 Capitalization, and value, 166-8; and land, 299-301
Choices, making of, 92; controlling factors, 92-5; guidance of, 99-106 Clayton Act, 756-8
Clearance, banks, 571-5 Coinage, 497-500
Collective bargaining, 429-33, 780-92 Combination, 66-8; trend toward, 465- 7; evolution of forms of, 469-71; reasons for, 477; advantages of, 478-81; successes and failures, 483-7; foreign trade and, 702 Commerce, 18th century, 19-20; see exports and imports
Communication, development of, 28- 30
Comparative advantage, 664-7 Compensated dollar, 576-7; 607-8 Competition, unfair, 175-7; and price cutting, 176; discrimination, 177; and uniform price, 178-81; and reason, 181-2; and monopoly, 189- 93; large scale, 487-91; coöperation and, 491-2; 126-7 Complementary goods, 122 Conservation, 59-61 Consumer's goods, 149-52 Consumption, Chapters VI-VII, 79- 112; defined, 5; business cycle, 599- 601; taxes and, 726-8; socialism and, 776; meaning of, 79; measure- ment of, 80; description of, 81-7; fluctuations of, 86-8; margin of, 122 Control, public, Chapter XXXVI, 745-68
Corporation, capital and, 257-9; as property institution, 451-3; man- agement of, 471-7; taxes and, 722- 4; research, 74-5 Cost, psychological, 118-19; oppor- tunity, 121; increasing, 132; de- creasing, 132-3; constant, 133; joint, 133-4; overhead, 134-6; nor- mal, 136-8; original, 170; repro-
duction, 170-1; land returns and, 315-7; marginal, 264-6
Cost of living, 373-5, 391; tariff and, 695-6
Credit, Chapter XXV, 493-523; agri- culture, 341-2; see banking Customs duties, 728-9
Cyclical changes, profit, 160; interest, 276; see business cycles
Cyclical fluctuation, 51, 87-88, 160,
Dawes commission, report of, 551-2 Death rates, 411-12
Debt, public, 736-40
Demand, Chapter IX, 125-43; indexes, 156-7; reversal of, 163-4; interest and, 253-7; of capital, 274; of land, 301; of money, 513-14; marginal, 128-30; elasticity of, 130 economic,
Democracy,
XXXVIII, 780-92
Derived value, 123
Diminishing returns, 306-9; and size of management, 311; and popula- tion growth, 311 Discount policy, 569-70 Distribution, Part IV; defined, 6; profit, Chapters XII-XIII, 195- 246; personal inequalities, 442-5; socialistic, 777-9; indexes, 155-6; land, Chapters XVII-XVIII, 295- 345; capital and interest, Chapters XIV-XVI, 247-94; wages, Chapters XIX-XXI, 346-441 Disutility, 118; marginal, 119 Division of labor, primitive, 10; effi- ciency of, 52-3; geographic, 58-9 Dollar, consumer's, 89-90
Economics, definition, 1-6 Efficiency, 63
Employee relations, 417-41
Employment, nature of, 417-19; fluc- tuations in, 421-3; business cycles, 601-03
Entrepreneur, The, 66
Equation, of money and prices, 514-
Evolution, economic, 8; of value the-
ory, 140-2; consumption, 107 Excess profits, 209-11 Excess profits tax, 730 Exchange, defined, 5-6; see value and exchange
Expenditures, government and, 710-14 Exports, advantage of, 664-8; geo-
graphical distribution, 668-70; by commodity groups, 670-5; domestic production and, 671-3, 676-8; for- eign exchange and, 678-84; phys- ical quantities of, 680; tariff and, 686-98; methods of competition, 699-703; government and, 699-700; of capital, Chapter XXXI, 652-63
Factors in production, 64-6 Fatigue, 425-9
Federal reserve notes, 501, 571 Federal reserve system, administra- tion, 562-4; reserves, 564-5; dis- counting, 566-8; clearings, 571-5; members, 575-6; farm credit, 576; business cycle, 595-7
Federal trade commission, 756-8 Fiat money, 511-12; and foreign ex- change, 632-52
Fiscal duties of banks, 575; budgets, 740
Fluctuations, types of, 49-51 Food, and consumption, 81-4 Foreign exchange, nature of, 613; demand and supply, 614; balance sheet of United States, 614-19; bills and documents, 619-20; mar- kets, 621-2; par, 624-6, 633-9; au- tomatic correctives, 626-8; gold standard, 620-31; fiat standard, 632-42; world war, 632-52; stabili- zation of, 646-9; effect on trade, 678-81
Foreign investment, 653-63
Foreign trade, Chapters XXXII- XXXIII, 664-704; see Exports and Imports
France, industrial revolution, 33; in- flation, 549
72-4; regulation, 31; taxation and, Chapter XXXIII-XXXIV, 707-44; productive character of, 707-10; in- crease of expenses, 710-14; revenue sources, 714-16, 752-8; debts of, 736-40; regulation of business, 750- 60; and consumption, 104-6; profit and, 234-7; foreign trade and, 699- 700
History, economic, Chapters II-III, 7-38
Hours of work, 423-5
Imports, advantage of, 664-8; tariff and, 686-98; raw materials and, 702-6
Incentives, of labor, 376-81; and in- vention, 76-7
Incidence of taxation, 741-4 Income, tax on, 2-3; agricultural, 319-23; labor, 391-3; inequalities of, 442-63; effort and, 445-6; fac- tory workers, 96-8, 157; farm, 98 Income taxes, 729-34
Increasing costs, and land, 309-10; and value, 132
Indexes, analysis of price, 525-31 Industrialism, 37
Industrial peace, 435-41
Industrial revolution, origin, 20-1; in- ventions, 22-30; in England, 22-4, 35; in United States, 24-7; world wide, 32-7 Inequalities, wages and, 354-7; of ownership and income, Chapter XXIII, 442-63; value and, 120-1 Inflation, Chapter XXVI, 525-52; profit and, 234-5; wages and, 393-4; chart of, 518; profiteering and, 521; social consequences. 521- 4; agriculture and, 522; United States, 544-5; world, 547-56 Inheritance taxes, 734-36 Institutions, 449-60
Insurance, risk and, 214-18; forms of, 214-18
Interest, Chapters XIV-XVI, 247-94;
theory of, 249-52; supply and de- mand, 253-7, 275; seasonal, secular, and cyclical trends, 276-9; the right rate, 291; business cycle, 590-1 Internal Excise, see under Govern- ment, and Taxation
International, wages, 401-4; balance of payments, Chapter XXIX, 613-
631; see foreign exchange; produc- tion, 683-705 International relations, Chapters XXIX-XXXIII, 613-704
International trade, Chapters XXXII- XXXIII, 664-705; see Exports and Imports
Interstate Commerce Commission, 750-1
Inventions, 22-30, 69-75
Japan, industrial revolution, 36
Labor, history of, 30; see Wages; relations, Chapter XXII, 417-41; hours, 423-5; bargaining power, 429-32; unions, 429-33; government control of, 761-2
Labor unions, 784-92
Land, returns on, Chapters XVII- XVIII, 295-345; definitions, 295-7; ownership and tenancy, 332-5 Large scale production, 66
Legal tender, 501-2
Leisure, and consumption, 94 Localization of industry, 58
Machine, and production, 54-7; and consumption, 94
Machine age, 11, 15-21 Malthusian theory of population, 407-15
Management, efficiency of, 63-4; Chapter XXIV, 464-92; size of, 465-7; types of, 468-9; corporate,
Manufactures, development in United States, 22-30; indexes of, 42; value added, 45; per capita, 47-8; per worker, 48-9
Marginal, wage, 353-8; saving, 260-4; producer, 264-6
Margin of substitution, and land, 304-6
Marketing, agriculture and, 340-2 Minimum wage, 370-1, 373-5 Mining, indexes of, 42
Money, defined, 494; qualities of, 495-7; kinds of in United States, 499-500; functions of, 502-5; fiat, 511-12; supply and demand, 513 Money and credit, Chapter XXV, 493-524
Money economy, Chapter X, 144; meaning of, 144-5; differential gains, 145-6; foreign trade, 685-6
Monopoly, and price policies, 138-9, 182-7; limits to price, 190-3; regu- lation of, 190-2; and inequalities of fortune, 457-8
National bank notes, 501 National bank system, 559-62 National income, estimated, 46 National wealth, estimated, 267-9 Net value product, 43
Normal cost and price, 136-8 Normal equilibrium, 161-2 Normal profit, 196-9
Note Issue, 557; history of, 559-60; Federal reserve, 570-1;
Federal reserve bank notes, 571; National bank notes, 501
Opportunity cost, 121 Overhead burden, 287-8 Overhead cost, 134-6
Ownership, diffusion of, 442-5; in- equalities of, 446-7
Par collection, 574-5
Par of exchange, 624-6, 633-9 Pecuniary, 1-6; advantage in foreign trade, 685-6; supply and demand, 148-161; control of business, Chap- ter X, 144-66; profit, 222-4; and business combination, 478-80; in international relations, 649-51 Population, and consumption, 109;
and diminishing returns, 311; and agriculture, 327-9, 414; Malthusian theory, 407-15; history of, 31; in- dexes of, 42
Power, use in industry, 27, 68-9; per capita, 47-8; per worker, 48-9 Price, defined, 6; and value, 117-18; normal, 137-8
Price fixing, 172-3 Price maintenance, 176
Prices, wholesale and retail, 158; by groups, 159-62; agricultural, 329- 32; indexes, 514, 527-31; quantity theory of, 514-17; trend of general price level, 518, 531-6; importance of, 541-51; fluctuations, 519-24; movements of, Chapter XXVI, 525- 52; war and post-war stabilization of, 576-9; business cycle and, 587-9 Price system, and consumption, 94-6 Production, defined, 5, 39; measure-
ment of, 40; indexes of, 40-3; Chapters III-V; per capita, 47-8; per worker, 48-9; quantity, 54;
factors in, 64-6; large scale, 66; problems of, Chapter V, 58-78; in- dexes, 149-52; profit and, 225-7; business cycle, 597-9; international organization of, 683-705; socialism and, 774-816
Profit, meaning of, 195-6; normal, 196-9; and risk, 199-202; account- ing view of, 202-4; income tax and, 203; inequalities of, 205-10; pro- duction and, 225-8; value and, 228- 31; wages and, 234-5; government and, 234-6; motives and, 239-40; business cycle and, 290-3 Promoters, economic function of, 481-3
Property institutions, 449-60; govern- ment and, 707-10
Proportionality, land and, 309-11 Protection, tariff and, 686-91; free trade and, 691-2; method of tariff making, 692-4
Psychology, and consumption, 100-02; labor and, 376-81; invention and, 761-7
Public control, 104-6
Public finance, Chapters XXXIII- XXXIV, 707-44; see Government, also Taxation
Public works, planning of, 609-10 Purchasing power, par of exchange, 635-40
« AnteriorContinuar » |