9. Briefly describe an ideal schoolroom as to lighting, ventilation, heating, seating and space.

10. Give the central idea or ideas that would dominate you in the preparation of the daily work of the schoolroom.

11. What benefits can be derived from the scientific study of children by teachers and mothers?

ANSWERS.

1. As aid to memory; having secured attention of the pupils repeat and re-repeat, and have the pupils repeat, the central thought of the lesson but each time in a different way. Only varied repetition helps

memory.

2. The feelings are awakened, the conscience quickened, and the moral judgment best trained by means of concrete examples.

3. Good temper, good humor, cheerfulness, good health make for the most favorable mental conditions.

4. (1) The awakening of a desire to know. (2) The presenting of the object to be known in such a manner as to occasion the appropriate activity of the learner's mind.

5. (1) An aid to memory. (2) Increases the vocabulary of the child. (3) An aid to expression.

6. The course of study conforms itself to the social ideal and since this ideal changes the course of study must also change.

7. (1) It has given a clearer conception of the child mind and made our elementary schools what they should be. (2) It has enabled teachers to adapt themselves to the individual needs of the pupils.

8. By imitation of real, human, social activities child becomes human and social; imitation is an important method of mental development.

9. The light should come from one side only and the seating arranged so that light should fall over left shoulder. Ventilation should be by means of fan or some other device not by windows; the heat should be either steam or hot air and maintained at a uniform temperature of 68 degrees.

10. How to best adapt the daily work to the individual needs of each pupil.

11. A mutual understanding of the physical, moral and mental "make up" of the child that will enable each to assist the other in the child's development.

MUSIC.

1. Name the key, give the syllable name and value of the note in each of the following exercises:

2. When and how should chromatic tones be first introduced?

3. Describe the proper singing position for children who are sitting.

4. Write the chromatic scale ascending and descending in the key of "E" flat.

5. Give the value of each, of the following notes:

6. Give a plan for the working out of the rhythm of a song before the singing is attempted.

7. Compare the tonal vocabulary of the child six years of age with his English vocabulary.

8. Give the meaning of the following: D. S., D. C., FINE, ff, pp, Crescendo.

9. Give your plan for the development of the individual recitation in the music work of the first grade.

10. What are the characteristics of a good rote song for the second grade?

11. Name two important things to be accomplished in the music work of the Arst grade.

Answers.

1. Refer to your questions containing cuts. First: key of G; syllable name, "mi"; value, three beats. Second: key of B-flat; -name "so"; value, one and one-half beats. Third cut: key of A; name, "la"; value, one and one-half beats; fourth cut, key of A-flat; name, "so"; value, three-fourth of a beat.

2. Fourth year, says Dr. Dann, Chromatics are introduced by showing that the sharp "fi" bears the same relation to "so" that "ti" does to "do", or "mi" to "fa".

3. Erect, yet comfortable.

4. E-flat, f, f-sharp, g, a-flat, a, b-flat, b, c, c-sharp, d, e-flat. Descending, e-flat, d, d-flat, c, c-flat, b-flat, a, a-flat, g, g-flat, f, f-flat, e-flat.

5. In four-four meter a dotted quarter equals one and one-half beats. In foureight meter a dotted quarter equals three beats; in three-two meter a dotted quarter equals three-fourths beats; in three-eight meter a sixteenth note equals one-half beat. 6. Have pupils give a tap with finger, or a hand-clap to each note counting the regular beats aloud.

7.

One authority claims that children entering school possess practically no muulary is very large. This "answerer" has sical vocabulary, while their English vocabfound many pupils of six years who could not only match tones, but could sing many songs in time as well as in tune.

8. D. S. means: from the sign; Fine, the end; D. C. means from the beginning; ff, very loud; pp, very soft; Crescendo, growing louder.

9. Each child should be given the PRIVILEGE of singing alone, and made to feel it an honor to be the first to show the class how well he has learned the new song. Scale singing in the same way.

10. The song should lie well within the compass of the child voice, preferably in the upper register, to encourage a light, pleasing quality of tone. Rhythmic and verbal accents should coincide, as this greatly influences the development of artistic singing. Naturally, the words should be appropriate to the child's age.

11. Under proper supervision, the pupil should know many good rote songs, twenty to thirty; be able to recognize groups of scale tones, and to distinguish duple and triple accents-"twos and threes". This is not always accomplished, owing to a scarcity of "capable supervisors."

5. In transportation perishable foods need attention and refrigeration. Careful packing is necessary. All expense of this extra handling is added to the cost of the article. 6. De composition of eggs is caused by the admission of germs through the porous shells. To prevent this air must be excluded by some kind of coating such as water glass. Eggs are also preserved by refrigeration and evaporation.

7. When cereals are properly cooked the starch grains burst, become soft and digestible.

The cell wall breaks down and softens. 8. Dried fruits are generally less expensive and should be more used. The nutritive value is high on account of the sugar. The water evaporated is easily replaced by soaking few hours before the fruit is

needed.

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INDUSTRIAL ARTS,

1. What advantages do these materials have for industrial arts classes: Cardboard? Clay? Paper? Cement? Reed?

2. What is a mechanical drawing? Tracing? Working drawing?

3. What place should industry have in industrial arts courses?

4. Explain the difference between a rip saw and a cut-off saw, and show by sketches.

5. What factors determine the materials to be used in an industrial arts course? Explain.

6. Explain as you would to a boy how to sharpen a jack-plane bit and a smoothplane bit.

7. Discuss at least two methods of seasoning lumber.

8. Show how industrial arts work can be correlated with other school work.

Answers.

1. Cardboard may be used by the pupils in the primary grades in the construction of small articles; such as small houses, chairs, beds and many other small articles by which the pupil can attain an idea of the use of the article in a useful way.

Clay is used much in the same way by primary pupils, such articles as flowerpots being modeled from clay.

Paper is used to assemble articles so the pupil may see the outline and shape as it is made for practical use from wood other similar material.

or

Cement may be used in the construction of such articles as flower pots, fence posts, walks and many other objects by pupils in the grammar grades.

Reed is used to make such articles as flower vases, hand baskets, and many other small articles where the reed is woven together.

2. A mechanical drawing is a drawing used in the trades which the workman reads and by it determines the necessary steps in the construction and assembling of a given object.

A tracing is the process of transfering the mechanical drawing on another sheet of paper through the use of a special paper called "tracing per." The tracing must be made before the blue print of the mechanical drawing can be secured.

A working drawing is a drawing which a workman uses, and by which he determines how a given object is to be constructed.

3. Industry should hold a prominent place in industrial arts courses.

4. The cut-off saw is used in cutting across the grain and the rip saw is used in cutting parallel with the grain. In the case of the cut-off saw the cutting edges are on the sides of the teeth. Every tooth is sharpened to a point, one on the right side and the next on the left, giving two parallel lines of sharp points with a V-shaped groove between.

The teeth of the rip-saw are chisel shaped and are made by filing straight across the blade. The front or cutting edges are filed so that they are square, or at right angles to an imaginary line passing through the points of the teeth. (Cannot produce sketches.)

5. The surrounding community and the industrial needs of the community. It depends a great deal upon the industries represented; whether it is a manufacturing, agricultural, or any other industry, as to what materials are to be used in the industrial arts course.

6. First remove the plane-iron by removing cap-iron and cap-iron screw. Take to a grindstone and grind carefully at an angle of about 23 degrees, which can easily be determined by previous grinding. After grinding well on the grindstone remove to an oil stone and rub well on stone, being careful to at all times keep iron with edge flat on the stone. These directions apply both to the jack-plane and the smooth-plane bits.

7. Dry kiln seasoning and natural seasoning. By dry kiln seasoning is meant seasoning by placing the lumber in a kiln and heating for a period of time, taking the sap out of the lumber. By natural seasoning is meant the seasoning of lumber by leaving it out in the open air where the change in atmosphere can have its effect on it at all times. It takes longer to season lumber by this method than by the kiln drying method. 8. Industrial arts work may be correlated with arithmetic, geography and botany: as three examples: The pupil uses arithmetic to determine the amount and cost of the material used; also he must make certain mathematical calculations in the construction of the project. In the study of geography the pupil may learn in what countries all the various woods in industrial arts work are grown and where many of the other valuable materials used are found. In botany the pupil may learn the genera usefulness and texture of the various woods.

1. What are the fundamental aims in teaching reading? How may these aims be accomplished?

2. When a pupil reads orally the other pupils of the class should sit with their books closed. Why?

3. How would you interest pupils in supplementary reading?

4. Name four important poems suitable for the seventh and eighth grades. Give author of each.

5. Discuss the importance of concert reading; the evil of concert reading.

6. How would you overcome the sing-song habit of reading?

7. Discuss the value of memorizing important selections.

8. Mention the important points in a good assignment.

9. Discuss the value of fairy tales.

10. How would you proceed with your first lesson with a primary class?

11. Is there a relation between good singing. and good reading? Discuss.

1.

ANSWERS.

The fundamental aims in teaching reading are the mechanics of reading, to get the thought from the printed page, and to give the thought that is on the printed page. The teaching of phonics is the basis of the mechanics of reading. Good questions, suggested imagery, and thoughtful assignment will bring the thought getting. A well modulated voice, clear enunciation, and the thought well in mind, as a rule, will produce good expression of thought.

2. To test the interest and attention of the class which is listening, and to test the ability of the reader to express the thought. in so clear a manner that class may get the content of the story.

-3. Be sure to know the books recommended; tell part of the story and advise the class to read the rest; tell some interesting bit of the author's life; when interest is high in a particular subject, suggest a book on that topic.

4. The Courtship of Miles Standish, Evangeline, both by Longfellow; Oh Captain, My Captain, Whitman; The Lady of the Lake, Sir Walter Scott.

5. Concert reading helps the timid child, the monotone, and the disinterested child. The reading of the psalms by the average congregation in church shows the need for .concert reading, some, but not too much.

Carried to an extreme, concert reading becomes machine work, feeling is lost, individuality is impossible. The reading becomes lifeless, soulless, meaningless, all good is lost.

6. When the child gets the thought of the selection, let him tell that thought, not read it. When he understands that he is really telling a story, not reading, the singsong disappears.

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7. Memorizing important selections is one of the very best things a child can do. He is storing in his mind the very best thoughts of great men; he is unconsciously getting the vocabulary of literary artists; he is gaining a vast storehouse of useable material for after life; he is getting on a friendly footing with the good things of the world.

8. Important points in a good assignment are the meaning of unfamiliar words and phrases; getting the author's thought; expressing the author's thought in the individual pupil's own way; how the selection should be read; and the reading in a perfectly natural manner. Or, show the child "what to study for, what to find out, what to learn."

9. All normal children pass though the Fairy Tale age. At this period, Fairy Tales should be given them; they develop the imagination, give food for thought, and satisfy the craving for the awe and wonder of that age. Fairy Tales not only bring out the best in a child, but increase his appreciation of literature.

10. Show the class an object or the picture of an object, then the word or name of that object, then a phrase, then a short sentence. Work from known objects to the unknown word and combination of words.

11. All knowledge is based on reading. A good reader easily gains mastery of the printed page, whether words or music. A good reader will likely be a good reader of music. As to the voice, that is another question. A well modulated voice is apt to be a good singing voice; there is something to work on, and results will come more quickly.