PART II. THE HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF DISTRIBUTION. Chapter I. THE USE and Abuse oF THE HISTORICAL METHOD IN THE STUDY OF ECONOMIC Chapter II. FIRST PERIOD: BEFORE 1776 Chapter III. SECOND PERIOD: 1776-1817 Chapter IV. THIRD PERIOD: 1817-1848. Chapter V. FOURTH PERIOD: 1848-1871 Chapter VI. FIFTH PERIOD: 1871-1890. Chapter VII. SIXTH PERIOD: 1890-1911. Chapter VIII. SEVENTH PERIOD: 1911-1918 PAGE Chapter VI. THE DIVISION OF INCOME BETWEEN WORKERS AND Property OWNERS. 198 Note to Chapter VI. STATISTICS BEARING ON THE CHARACTER Of Consumers' Demand. 218 THE SHARE OF THE LANDOWNER . 221 Chapter I. THE GENERAL CAUSES OF THE IN- EQUALITY OF INDIVIDUAL INCOMES. 239 Chapter III. INEQUALITY OF INCOMES FROM WORK. 252 INEQUALITY of Incomes FROM PROPERTY 271 INEQUALITY AND INHERited Wealth. PART I CHAPTER I ECONOMIC CONTRASTS AND THE MODERN SPIRIT §1. "The problem of poverty" is an economic commonplace. On its existence and importance, though not upon its solution, all thoughtful persons are agreed. The word "poverty," as commonly used, implies a contrast. It signifies a failure, through insufficiency of income, to reach a certain standard of economic welfare. This standard may be either a standard which is in fact reached by certain communities, or sections of communities, or a standard which, it is thought, should be reached, if life, from an economic point of view, is to be worth living. Thus, on the one hand, we speak of the poverty of the inhabitants of India, as compared with those of Great Britain, or of the worst paid workers in Great Britain, as compared with the working classes in general, or of the working classes in general as compared with "the rich"; or, on the other hand, we speak of the poverty of certain sections of the population, as compared with a standard which is held to be "reasonable," or with a standard measured by the purchasing power of a "living wage," however defined. Further, it accords with common knowledge and common usage to say that, in almost all modern communities, there exists great poverty side by side with |