UNION, Treaty of, between Scotland and
England, Article of, regulating the
proportion of the land-tax to be raised,
in the former country, ii. 234.
Usury and Interest, on their connexion
really and verbally, i. 411; should it
be regulated by law? on, in general,
ii. 146-195; Aristotle's doctrine as to
its morality, 146, seq.; on the meta-
phor of money breeding money, 147;
in its unrestricted signification, in-
cludes all exaction of any interest,
148; abhorrence of usury, or taking
of any interest for money, common to
all forms of religious opinion, 151;
laws against, only aggravate the dis-
tress of the unfortunate, 178, seq.;
in Russia, laws against are a dead
letter, 181; in England, virtual usury
at least is permitted by law in the
case of Drawing and Redrawing, 182;
also in Pawnbroking, 182-186; also in
what is called Bottomry and Respon-
dentia, 186; laws against held by the
Author to be impolitic, 184, seq., 190.
See Interest.

Utility, degrees of, as applied to com-
modities, i. 359; the intrinsic utility
of a commodity, what? 360.

VALERIUS Maximus, quoted as to di-
vorce among the Romans, i. 81; as
to the effect of a contumelious joke
on the Roman electors, 144.
Valuation, standard of: according to our
Author, corn, or the ordinary food of
the people, affords the best, i. 361,

362.

Valuations, or Land Surveys, might, the
Author thinks, be accomplished by a
Register of Leases, ii. 239.
Value: exchangeable, of everything
manufactured depends on two cir-
cumstances, the price of the raw
material, and the price of the labour
expended on it, i. 261; the word
value has two different meanings,
-sometimes expressing utility of a
commodity, (value in use,) sometimes
the power of purchasing other goods,
(value in exchange,) 355, 259; the
accuracy of this distinction canvassed,
ib.; vacillation by authors in the use
of this term, 355, seq.; with what
meaning is it employed by the
Author? 359; value of money used
in two different senses,-either for
the quantity of the precious metals to

be given in exchange for commodities,
or for the proportion between a sum
of money and its interest in the
market, 408, 409; these two modes
of valuing money have little mutual
connexion, 409; their difference has,
however, escaped the attention of
some respectable writers, 409, seq.
Vanderlint, (Jacob,) quoted in regard
to an exclusive territorial tax, i. 299,
seq., (see also, ii. 239;) in favour of
the freedom of commerce, ii. 34, seq.
Vauban, (Maréchal de,) quoted as to the
effects of want on population, i. 103;
his proposal to substitute the Dîme
Royale for the Taille, &c., ii. 246.
Vaughan, (Mr. Rice,) quoted as to the
wages of labour constituting a crite-
rion of real prices, i. 364; as to
wheat affording a standard for the
exchangeable value of money in a
nation, 370.

Vaughan, (Mr. William,) his Treatise
on Commerce referred to, ii. 79.
Venice Venetians, (along with the
Genoese,) originators of the Funding
System, in the sixteenth century, ii.
214; their nobles debarred from trade,
383; constitution of the legislative
senate under the old government,

435.

Villanage, effect of its suppression upon

Population, i. 187, 210, seq.

Virgil, his description of Neptune, calm-
ing the winds and waves applied to
the moral influence of a man in
authority over a popular assembly,
ii. 362.

Virtue, what its meaning by Montes-
quieu as the principle of a democracy?
ii. 408.
Vizier, necessity for such a minister in
an Absolute Monarchy, ii. 390.
Voght, (Herr Caspar,) on the expendi-
ture for work-houses in England, ii.
274; alleged as to their management
in Hamburgh, 303-305.
Voltaire, adduced in praise of Galiani,
ii. 66: quoted as to the incompatibi-
lity of original genius with cultivation,
344; as to Montesquieu, 412.

WAGES: have the wages of labour in

England latterly increased? ii. 283, seq.
Wales, (William,) as an antagonist of
Dr. Price, with respect to the pro-
gressive unhealthiness of London, i.
231; on the increasing population of

Great Britain, 234, 235; on the po-
pulation of London, 244.
Wallace, (Robert, D.D.,) adduced as to
increase of population, i. 63; as to
Roman fortunes, 146, 147; quoted as
to government and population, 204,
seq.; how his speculations on this
subject were warped, 211; as to the
proportion of men capable of bearing
arms to the general population of a
country, 224; on the population of
the globe and its several quarters,
232; coincides with Hume in regard
to the value of the precious metals,
373, 374; dissents, however, from his
conclusions, 375; referred to touching
the circulation of money 381; as to
the money value of grain in anti-
quity, 381, 448; his work, On the
Numbers of Mankind, commemorated
in the conclusion of the Course, ii.
458.

Warburton, (Bishop,) quoted against
providing for the Poor by law, ii. 324.
Wargentin, (Herr,) as to the proportion

of the sexes born in Sweden, i. 88;
as to the proportion of annual births
in Sweden, 222.
Waste Lands, Parliamentary Committee
on, first Report of, showing the pro-
gress of Enclosures, i. 239; how they
may be turned to advantage in the
increase of population, ii. 141.
Watchmaking, illustration from, ii. 12,

seq.

Watt, (Robert, M.D.,) his Bibliotheca
Britannica adduced by Editor, i.
202, 275, 326, 333, et alibi.
Wealth, ancient and modern, i. 148.
Wealth, National, a branch of Political
Economy Proper, i. 33, seq.; on, in
general, forming Book II. of Political
Economy Proper, 253; ii. 253; on the
meaning of the phrase, 253.
Webster, (Rev. Dr.,) on the statis-
tics of Scottish population, i. 245,
246.
Wedderburn, (Lord Chancellor Lough-
borough,) quoted in regard to Bills of
Enclosure, i. 136, 137.
West Indies, our colonies in, rate of in-
terest there, i. 417, seq.
Wheat, consumption of, progress of, in
various parts of England and Scot-
land, i. 248, 249; not alone affording
an example of the common food of the
people, 368; ii. 57, 58.
Whitbread, (Samuel, M.P.,) against any
compulsory support of the Poor, ii.

279, 281; on the advantages of Sav-
ings Banks, 313.

Wills, Latter, policy and impolicy of
restraints on, ii. 204, seq., 208-210.
Winchelsea, (Lord,) the advantages of
the potato as an economical article
of food, inculcated by, ii. 142; his
Paper on the Poor referred to, 323.
Witt, (John de,) quoted as to the free-
dom of trade, ii. 18, 19.
Woods and Forests, Reports of the
Commissioners of, ii. 40, seq.
Workhouses, as charitable institutions,
ii. 300-305.
World, see Globe.

Wotton, (Sir Henry,) quoted as to good
laws and a good nature, i. 49.

XENOPHON, his treatise On the Improve-
ment of the Revenue of the State of
Athens, adduced, i. 36, seq.; quoted
as to the division of labour and its
effects, 311, 312; adduced as to the
Athenian republic, ii. 362, 403, 404;
as to the Spartan commonwealth,
402.

YOUNG, (Mr. Arthur,) holds that Popu-
lation should be regarded as subordi-
nate to Agriculture, i. 66; as to the
population of Ireland, 99; as to pota-
toes, the food of the Irish, 101; as to
the comparative universality of mar-
riage in Ireland, 102; quoted in fa-
vour of pasturage, 106-108; against
the impolitic burdens upon Agricul-
ture, 122; referred to in relation to
large farms, 126; in favour of large
farms, 127, 130, 131; quoted as to the
comparative profit of arable and pas-
turing Agriculture, 138; adduced as
to the Roman policy in regard to
Agriculture, 141; quoted as to the
subdivision of properties in France,
148, seq.; as to the influence of Manu-
factures upon Agriculture and Popu-
lation, 158, seq.; as to these in special
reference to France, 163, seq.; to Ire-
land, England, and Italy, 165-167;
his opinion in regard to the pernicious
influence of Manufactures upon Agri-
culture controverted, 168, seq.; ii.
199; his inconsistency in this relation
shewn, 171-178; shews that a dis-
tinction of the different kinds of popu

lation must be taken into account, in
estimating the prosperity of a nation
from the numbers of its people, 199;
controverts Dr. Price in regard to the
decline of population in Great Britain,
234; his estimate of the numbers of
persons engaged in farming, 240; on
the population of England and Wales,
243; coincidence of his opinion, in
regard to the value of the precious
metals, with those of Hume and Wal-
lace, 374; on the policy of the French
government in regard to the Corn
Trade, ii. 72, seq.; quoted in reference
to this trade, 82; his opinions in re-
gard to this criticised, 83, 84; adduced
in regard to the Corn Trade, 114; in
regard to the dearth of 1799-1800,
122, seq.; his Table shewing the aver-
age prices of wheat for the year fol-
lowing the harvest of 1798, 128; his
opinion in regard to the relation of
the price to the plenty and scarcity of

grain, not very explicit, 132, seq.;
adduced in praise of milk as an eco-
nomical article of diet, 142; also of
potatoes, 143; as to the meaning of
ability, 222; quoted as to the disad-
vantages of a variable land-tax, 236;
noticed as against an exclusive land-
tax, 237; quoted in regard to tithes,
245; adduced as in favour of taxes
on consumption, 252; in favour of
the project of a limited assessment
for the poor, 278, 280; in regard to
a paradox,-that a liberal reward of
labour encourages idleness, 311; his
Annals of Agriculture quoted, 321,

322.

Young, (Sir William,) reprobates the
English Law of Settlement, ii. 269.

ZIMMERMANN, his Political Survey of
Europe quoted, i. 214.