Philippine Collaboration in World War II.

accept accused Administration allegiance American appeal argued army Asia attempted authority became Bureau called charges claimed collaboration command Commission Commonwealth constitution continued conviction created December decision defense despite East economic effect effort election elite enemy established Executive existed February felt fight Filipino force Francisco further Greater guerrilla independence issue January Japan Japanese Jose Journal judges Justice later Laurel leaders leadership loyalty MacArthur major Manila Tribune Manuel March ment military movement nation never noted obligation occupation Official Gazette oligarchy Osmeña People's Court period Philippines political position possible President Press prewar prosecution Quezon remained Report Republic response result Roosevelt Roxas ruled secretary Senate September served Sison situation social society Spanish staff success tion treason trial troops turned United University urged values Vargas wanted wartime Washington York