of the poor, a violation of natural liberty,
125.-the law of, ought to be repealed, 118.
Sheep, frequently killed in Spain, for the sake
of fleece and tallow, 196.-severe laws against
export of them and their wool, 262.
Shepherds, war, how supported by a nation of,
546.-inequality of fortune among, the source
of great authority, 562.-birth and family
highly honoured in nations of shepherds, 563.
-inequality of fortune first began to take
place in the age of shepherds, 564.-and
introduced civil government, ibid.
Shetland, how rents are estimated and paid
there, 128.

Silk manufacture, how transferred from Lucca
to Venice, 320.

Silver, the first standard coinage of the northern
subverters of the Roman empire, 45.-its
proportional value to gold regulated by law,
46.-is the measure of the value of gold, ibid.
-mint price of silver in England, 47.-in-
quiry into the difference between the mint
and market prices of bullion, 48.-how to
preserve the silver coin from being melted
down for profit, 49.—the mines of, in Europe,
why generally abandoned, 147.-evidences
of the small profit they yield to proprietors
in Peru, 148.-qualities for which this metal
is valued, 150.-the most abundant mines of,
would add little to the wealth of the world,
151.-but the increase in the quantity of,
would depreciate its own value, 153-circum-
stances that might counteract this effect, ibid.

historical view of the variations in the value
of, during the four last centuries, 154.-re-
marks on its rise in value compared with corn,
157.-circumstances that have misled writers
in reviewing the value of silver, 159.-corn
the best standard for judging of the real
value of silver, 162.-the price of, how
affected by the increase of quantity, 163.-
the value of, sunk by the discovery of the
American mines, 166.-when the reduction
of its value from this cause appears to have
been completed, 167.-tax paid from the
Peruvian mines to the King of Spain, 173.-
the value of silver kept up by an extension
of the market, 174.-is the most profitable
commodity that can be sent to China, 177.-
the value of, how proportioned to that of
gold, before and after the discovery of the
American mines, 191.-the quantity com-
monly in the market in proportion to that of
gold, probably greater than their relative
values indicate, 182.-the value of, probably
rising, and why, 184.-the opinion of a de-
preciation of its value not well founded, 215.

the real value of, degraded by the bounty
on the exportation of corn, 397.
Sinking fund in the British finances explained,
732.-inadequate to discharge of former debts,
and applied to other purposes, 736.-motives
to the misapplication of it, 737.
Slaves, the labour of, dearer to the masters
than that of freemen, 77.-under feudal lords,
circumstances of their situation, 307.-
countries where this order of men still
remains, 308.-why the service of slaves is
preferred to that of free men, ibid.-their
labour why unprofitable, 309.-causes of the
abolishing of slavery throughout the greater
part of Europe, ibid.-receive more protec-

tion from the magistrate in an arbitrary
government, than in one that is free, 452-
why employed in manufactures by the ancient
Grecians, 542.-why no improvements are to
be expected from them, 543-

Smuggling, a tempting, but generally a ruinous
employment, 101.- encouraged by high
duties, 702.-remedies against, 704-the
crime of, morally considered, 716.
Society, human, the first principles of, 26.
Soldiers, remarks on their motives for engaging
in the military line, 99.-comparison between
the land and sea service, ibid.-why no
sensible inconvenience felt by the disbanding
of great numbers after a war is over, 354-
reason of their first serving for pay, 549--
how they became a distinct class of the
people, 552.-how distinguished from the
militia, 553-alteration in their exercise pro-
duced by the invention of fire-arms, ibid.
South Sea Company, amazing capital once es
joyed by, 586.-mercantile and stock-jobbing
projects of, 588.-Assiento contract, 589.-
whale fishery, ibid.-the capital of, turned
into annuity stock, ibid., 731.

Sovereign & trader, inconsistent characters, 648
Sovereign, three duties only necessary for him
to attend to, for supporting a system of
natural liberty, 545.-how he is to protect
the society from external violence, $46, 559-
-and the members of it, from the injustice
and oppression of each other, 560.—and tə
maintain public works and institutions, 570
Spain, one of the poorest countries in Europe,
notwithstanding its rich mines, 204.ts
commerce has produced no considerable
manufactures for distant sale, and the greater
part of the country remains uncultivated,
331.- Spanish mode of estimating their
American discoveries, 334.-the value of gold
and silver there, depreciated by laying a tax
on the exportation of them, 398.-agriculture
and manufactures there discouraged by the
redundancy of gold and silver, 399-natural
consequences that would result from taking
away this tax, 400.-the real and pretended
motives of the Court of Castile for taking
possession of the countries discovered by
Columbus, 441.-the tax on gold and silver,
how reduced, 441.-gold, the object of all
the enterprizes to the New World, 442.-the
colonies of, less populous than those of any
other European nation, 446.-asserted an
exclusive claim to all America, until the mis
carriage of their invincible armada, 448.-
policy of the trade with the colonies, 453--
the American establishments of, effected by
private adventurers, who received little beyond
permission from the government, 464.-lost
its manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile
colonies, 482.-the alcavala tax there, 450-
the ruin of the Spanish manufactures at-
tributed to it, 456.

Speculation, a distinct employment in improved
society, 24.-speculative merchants, 103.
Stage, public performers on, paid for the con
tempt attending their profession, 97.-the
political use of dramatic representations, 629
Stamp duties in England and Holland, 684
Steel-bow tenants in Scotland, what, 309.
Stock, the profits raised on, in manufactures,
explained, 52.-in trade, an increase of,

raises wages, and diminishes profit, 82.-
must be larger in a great town than in a
country village, 84.-natural consequences of
a deficiency of stock in new colonies, 86.-
the profits on, little affected by the easiness
or difficulty of learning a trade, 94.-but by
the risk or disagreeableness of the business,
100.-stock employed for profit, sets into
motion the greater part of useful labour, 214.
-no accumulation of, necessary in the rude
state of society, 219.-the accumulation of,
necessary to the division of labour, ibid.-
stock distinguished into two parts, 220.-the
general stock of a country or society, ex-
plained, 222.-houses, ibid.-improved land,
22.-personal abilities, 224.money and
provisions, ibid.-raw materials and manu-
factured goods, 225.-stock of individuals,
how employed, 226.-is frequently buried or
concealed in arbitrary countries 226.-the
profits on decrease, in proportion as the
quantity increases, 268.-on what principles
stock is lent or borrowed at interest, 280.-
that of every society divided among different
employments, in the proportion most agree-
able to the public interest, by the private
views of individuals, 498.-the natural distri-
bution of, deranged by monopolizing systems,
499. every derangement of, injurious to the
society, 500.-mercantile, is barren and un-
productive, according to the French agri-
cultural system of political ecomony, 528.-
how far the revenue from, is an object of
taxation, 672.-a tax on, intended under the
land tax, 674.

Stockings, why so cheaply manufactured in
Scotland, 106.-and when first introduced
into England, 210.

Stone quarries, their value depends on situation,
142, 153.

Stones, precious, of no use but for ornament,
and how the price of is regulated, 151.-the
most abundant mines of, would add little to
the wealth of the world, 151.
Subordination, how introduced into society,
561.-personal qualifications.-age and for-
tune.-birth, 562.-birth and fortune two
great sources of personal distinction, 563.
Subsidy, old, in the English customs, the
drawbacks upon, 389.—and origin and import
of the term, 700.

Sugar, a very profitable article of cultivation,
137, 308.-drawbacks on the exportation of,
from England, 380.-might be cultivated by
the drill plough, instead of all hand-labour.
by slaves, 462.—a proper subject for taxation,
as an article sold at a monopoly price, 712.
Sumptuary laws were superfluous restraints on
the common people, 277.

Surinam, the present state of the Dutch
colony there, 448.

Switzerland, establishment of the reformation
in Berne and Zurich, 637.-the clergy there
zealous and industrious, 644.-taxes how
paid there, 676, 684.

TAILLE, in France, the nature of that tax,
and its operation, 312, 678.
Talents, natural, not so various in different
men as is supposed, 28.

Tartars, their manner of conducting war, 547.
-their invasions dreadful, 548.

Tavernier, his account of the diamond mines
of Golconda and Visiapour, 152.
Taxes, the origin of, under the feudal govern.
ment, 314.-the sources from whence they
must arise, 654.-unequal taxes, idid.-oughe
to be clear and certain, ibid.-ought to be
levied at the times most convenient for pay.
ment, 655.-ought to take as little as possible
out of the pockets of the people, more than
is brought into the public treasury, ibid.-
how they may be made more burdensome to
the people than beneficial to the sovereign,
ibid.-the land-tax of Great Britain, 656.-
land-tax at Venice, 657.-improvements sug-
gested for a land tax, 658.-mode of assessing
the land-tax in Prussia, 661.-tithes a very
unequal tax, and a discouragement to im-
provement, 664.- operation of tax on house-
rent, payable by the tenant, 667.-a propor-
tionable tax on houses, the best source of
revenue, 669.-how far the revenue from
stock is a proper object of taxation, 673.-
whether interest of money is proper for
taxation, 674.-how taxes are paid at Ham-
burgh, 675.-in Switzerland, 676.-taxes
upon particular employments, 677.-poll-
taxes, 681.-taxes, badges of liberty, ibid.-
taxes upon the transfer of property, 682.-
stamp duties, 684.-on whom the several
kinds of taxes principally fall, 685.-taxes
upon the wages of labour, 687.-capitations,
690.-taxes upon consumable commodities,
692.-upon necessaries, 693.-upon luxuries,
694-principal necessaries taxed, 695.-ab-
surdities in taxation, 697.-different parts of
Europe very highly taxed, ibid.-two dif-
ferent methods of taxing consumable com-
modities, 698.-Sir Matt. Decker's scheme
of taxation, ibid.-excise and customs, 699.
-taxation sometimes not an instrument of

revenue, but of monopoly, 702.-improve-
ments of the customs suggested, 703.-taxes
paid in the price of a commodity little ad-
verted to, 714.-on luxuries, the good and
bad properties of, ibid.-bad effects of
farming them out, 720.-how the finances
of France might be reformed, 722.-French
and English systems of taxation compared,
723.-new taxes always generate discontent,
737-how far the British system of taxation
might be applicable to all different provinces
of the empire, 748.-such a plan might
speedily discharge the national debt, 751.
Tea, great importation and consumption of
that drug in Britain, 176.

Teachers in universities, tendency of endow
ments to diminish their application, 602.-
the jurisdictions to which they are subject,
little calculated to quicken their diligence,
602-are frequently obliged to gain pro-
tection by servility, 603.-defects in their
establishments, 604-teachers among the
ancient Greeks and Romans superior to
those of modern times, 615.-circumstances
which draw good ones to, or drain them
from, the universities, 641.-their employ-
ment renders them eminent in letters, 642.
Tenures, feudal, on, 268.-described, 305.
Theology, monkish, the complexion of, 609.
Tin, average rent of the mines of. in Cornwall,
148.-yield a greater profit to the pro rietors
than the silver mines of Peru, 149-regula

tions under which tin mines are worked,
ibid.
Tithes, why found an unequal tax, 664.-the
levying of a great discouragement to im-
provements, 665.-the fixing a modus for, a
relief to the farmer, 667.

Tobacco, the culture of, why restrained in
Europe, 139.-not so profitable an article of
cultivation in the West Indies as sugar, ibid.
-the amount and course of the British trade
with, explained, 298.-the whole duty upon,
drawn back on exportation, 390.-conse-
quences of the exclusive trade Britain enjoys
with Maryland and Virginia in tobacco, 469.
Tolls, for passage over roads, bridges, and
navigable canals, the equity of, shown, 572.
upon carriages of luxury, ought to be higher
than upon carriages of utility, ibid.-the
management of turnpikes often an object of
just complaint, 573.-why government ought
not to manage such turnpikes, 574, 713-
Tonnage and poundage, origin of duties, 700.
Tontine in the French finances, what, with
the derivation of the name, 734.

Toulouse, salary paid to a counsellor or judge
in the parliament of, 567.

Towns, the places where industry is most
profitably exerted, 113.-the spirit of com-
bination prevalent among manufacturers, 114,
116.-according to what circumstances the
general character of the inhabitants as to
industry is formed, 269.- the reciprocal
nature of the trade between them and the
country, explained, 300.-subsist on the
surplus produce of the country, 301.-how
first formed, 302.-are continual fairs, ibid.-
the original poverty and servile state of the
inhabitants of, 314.-their early exemptions
and privileges, how obtained, ibid.-the in-
habitants of, obtained liberty much earlier
than the occupiers of land in the country,
315.-origin of free burghs, ibid.-origin of
corporations, ibid.-why allowed to form
militia, 317.-how the increase and riches of
commercial towns contributed to the im-
provement of the countries to which they
belonged, 322.

Trade, double interest deemed a reasonable
mercantile profit in, 90.--four general classes
of, equally necessary to and dependent on
each other, 287.-wholesale, three different
sorts of, 294.-the different returns of home
and foreign trade, 295.-the nature and
operation of the carrying trade, 296.-the
principles of foreign trade, 297.-the trade
between town and country, 300.-original
poverty and servile state of the inhabitants
of towns under feudal government, 314.-
exemptions and privileges granted to them,
314-extension of commerce by rude nations
selling their own raw produce for the manu-
factures of more civilized countries, 319.-
its salutary effects on the government and
manners of a country, 323. -subverted the
feudal authority, 324.-the independence of
tradesmen and artisans, 327,-the capitals
acquired by, very precarious, until some
part has been realized by the cultivation and
improvement of land, 332.-over-trading,
the cause of complaints of the scarcity of
money, 339-the importation of gold and
silver not the principal benefit derived from

foreign trade, 347.-effect produced in t
and manufactures by the discover
America, 348.-and by the discovery d
passage to the East Indies round the Cap
Good Hope, 349.-error of commercial
in estimating national wealth by god
silver, 350.-inquiry into the cause and ef
of restraints upon trade, 351.-individ.
by pursuing their own interest, unknowing
promote that of the public, 354-legal r
of trade unsafe, 355.- retaliat
regulations between nations, 362.—meas
for laying trade open, ought to be car
into execution slowly, 366.-policy of
restraints on trade between France
Britain, 368.-no certain criterion to de
mine on which side the balance of tra
between two countries turns, 369.-30
the regulations of, founded on a mistr
doctrine of the balance of trade, 35-
generally founded on narrow principe
policy, 385.-drawbacks of duties. 389-
dealer who employs his whole stock in
single branch of business, has an advante
of the same kind with the workman **
employs his whole labour on a single ope
tion, 414.-consequences of drawing it ta
a number of small channels into one g
channel, 479.-colonial trade, and the mote
poly of that trade distinguished, 481-0
interest of the consumer constantly sacrifel
to the producer, 523.-advantages attend
a perfect freedom of, to landed mass
according to the present agricultural sys
of political economy in France, 532-org
of foreign trade, ibid.-consequences of high
duties and prohibitions in landed nations
533, 534-how trade augments the revenue
of a country, 536.-nature of the trading
intercourse between the inhabitants of town
and those of the country, 544.

Trades, cause and effect of the separation s
18.-and origin of, 27.

Transit duties explained, 713.
Travelling for education, a summary view of
the effects of, 610.

Treasures, why such, formerly accumulated by
princes, 347.

Treasure trove, the term explained, 226.—#ty
an important branch of revenue under the
ancient feudal governments, 726.
Turkey Company, short historical view of, gi
UNIVERSITIES, the emoluments of the
teachers in, how far calculated to promote thes
diligence, 602.-the professors at Oxford have
mostly given up teaching, bid—those in
France subject to incompetent jurisdictions,
603.-the privileges of graduates improperly
obtained, ibid.-abuse of lectureships, 604-
the discipline of, seldom calculated for the
benefit of the students, ibid.-are, in England
more corrupted than the public schools, bos-
original foundation of, ibid.-how Latin
came an essential article in academical edu
tion, ibid.-how the study of the Greek
guage was introduced, 606.-the three gra
branches of the Greek philosophy, 6-
are now divided into five branches, col
the monkish course of education in, 509-
have not been very ready to adopt import
ments, ibid.-are not well calculated to

pare men for the world, 609.-how filled with
good professors, or drained of them, 642.-
where the worst and best professors are
generally to be met with, ibid.

VALUE, the term defined, 137.
Vedius Pollio, his cruelty to his slaves checked
by the Roman Emperor Augustus, which
could not have been done under the repub-
lican form of government, 463.
Venice, origin of the silk manufacture in that
city, 320.-traded in East India goods before
the sea-track round the Cape of Good Hope
was discovered, 438.-nature of the land-tax
in that republic, 657.

Venison, the price of, in Britain, does not com-
pensate the expense of a deer-park, 241.
Vicesima hæreditatum among the ancient
Romans, the nature of, explained, 682.
Villages, how first formed, 302.

Villenage, probable cause of the wearing out
of that tenure in Europe, 309.
Vineyard, the most profitable part of agricul-
ture, both among the ancients and moderns,
136. great advantages derived from peculiar-
ities of soil in, 137.

WAGES of labour how settled between master

and workmen, 66.-the workmen generally
obliged to comply with the terms of their
employers, ibid.-the opposition of workmen
outrageous, and seldom successful, 67.-cir-
cumstances which operate to raise wages, 68.
-the extent of wages limited by the funds
from which they arise, 69.-why higher in
North America than in England, ibid.—are
low in countries that are stationary, 70.-not
oppressively low in Great Britain, 72.-a
distinction made here between the wages in
summer and in winter, ibid.-if sufficient in
dear years, they must be ample in seasons of
plenty, 73.-different rates of, in different
places, 73.-liberal wages encourage industry
and propagation, 78.-an advance of, neces-
sarily raises the price of many commodities,
82.-an average of, not easily ascertained, 83.
-the operation of high wages and high
profits compared, 90.-causes of the variation
of, in different employments, 91.-are gene-
rally higher in new than in old trades, 104,
121.-legal regulations of, destroy industry
and ingenuity, 126.-natural effect of a direct
tax upon, 177.

Walpole, Sir Robert, his excise scheme de-
fended, 195.

Wants of mankind, how supplied through the
operation of labour, 22.-how extended in
proportion to their supply, 143.-the far
greater part of them supplied from the pro-
duce of other men's labour, 219.

Wars, foreign, the funds for the maintenance of,
in the present century, have little dependence
on the quantity of gold and silver in a nation,
343-how supported by a nation of hunters,
546.-by a nation of shepherds, 547-by
a nation of hubandmen, 568. -men of
military age, what proportion they bear to

the whole society, ibid.-feudal wars, how
supported, 549.-causes which in the ad-
vanced state of society rendered it impossible
for those who took the field to maintain them-
selves, ibid.-how the art of war became a
distinct profession, 551.-distinction between
the militia and regular forces, 552.-alter-
ation in the art of war produced by the inven-
tion of fire-arms, 553, 559.-importance of
discipline, 554.-Macedonian army, 555.-
Carthaginian army, ibid.-Roman army, 556.
-Feudal armies, 557.-a well-regulated
standing army the only defence of a civilized
country, the only means for speedily
civilizing a barbarous country, 558.-the
want of parsimony during peace, imposes on
states the necessity of contracting debts to
carry on war, 727, 735-why war is agree.
able to those who live secure from the
immediate calamities of it, 736.-advantages
for raising supplies for, within the year, 741.
Watch movements, reduction in the prices of,
owing to mechanical improvements, 208.
Wealth and money, synonymous terms, in po-
pular language, 333, 349.-Spanish and Tar-
tarian estimate of, compared, 334.-the great
authority conferred by the possession of, 53.
Weavers, the profits of, why necessarily greater
than those of spinners, 54.

West Indies, discovered by Columbus, 439.-the
original native productions of, 440.-the thirst
of gold the object of all the Spanish enterprises
there, 442.-and of those of every other Euro-
pean nation, 443.-the remoteness of, greatly
in favour of the European colonies there,
446.-the sugar colonies of France better
governed than those of Britain, 462.
Window tax in Britain, how rated, 671.-tends
to reduce house-rent, 672.

Windsor market, chronological table of the
prices of corn at, 217.

Wine, the cheapness of, would be a cause of
sobriety, 384-the carrying trade in, en-
couraged by English statutes, 143.

Wood, the price of, rises in proportion as a
country is cultivated, 145.-the growth of
young trees prevented by cattle, 146.-when
the planting of trees becomes a profitable
employment, ibid.

Wool, the produce of rude countries, com-
monly carried to a distant market, 196.-the
price of, in England, has fallen considerably
since the time of Edward III., 197.-causes
of this diminution in price, 198.-the pricǝ
of, considerably reduced in Scotland, by the
union with England, 200.-severity of the
laws against the exportation of, 513.-re-
straints upon the inland commerce of, 514-
restraints upon the coasting trade of, ibid.-
pleas on which these restraints are founded,
515. the price of wool depressed by these
regulations, 516.-exportation of, ought to
be allowed, subject to a duty, 517.
Woollen cloth, the present prices of, compared
with those at the close of the fifteenth cens
tury, 209.-three mechanical improvement
introduced in the manufacture of, 210.