CHAPTER

PART I

FISCAL POLICY AND FINANCE

I. FROM WALPOLE TO PITT,.

1. Trend of Fiscal Policy, 1700-1850. 2. Walpole and

Twenty Years of Peace. 3. Trade Policy in War

Time, 1793-1815. 4. The Financial Policy of William

Pitt.

II. HUSKISSON, 1770-1830

3. The

I. Towards Free Trade. 2. Huskisson's Career.

Corn Laws. 4. The Navigation Laws and Com-

mercial Treaties. 5. Imperial Preference. 6. The

Revision of the Tariff.

7. Summary.

III. PEEL, 1788-1850

1. Peel's Career. 2. Reform of the Excise by the

Whigs. 3. Tariff Reductions and the Income Tax.

4. The Corn Laws (1828-1846) and the Anti-Corn

Law League. 5. The Multiplicity of Economic

Problems in the Forties.

IV. GLADSTONE, 1809-1898

I. Gladstone and his Generation. 2. Completion of Free

Trade. 3. Direct Taxation and the Income Tax.

4. His Method of Indirect Taxation. 5. Conclusion.

23

43

59

70

I. The Resurrection of the Imperial Spirit. 2. Joseph

Chamberlain and the Empire of To-day. 3. Social

Reform and the Aftermath of War. 4. The Lessons

of War Control.

VI. CURRENCY AND BANKING

1. The Gold Standard. 2. The Bank of England.

London Bankers and the Country Bankers.

Stock Banking. 5. The Merchant

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80

91

3. The

4. Joint-

Bankers.

6. Summary of Changes in Banking Function.

7. Comparison with Canada.

PART II

TRADE AND TRANSPORT

VII. THE COURSE OF FOREIGN TRADE

1. The Active Rôle. 2. The Sinews of Economic Growth.

3. The Metropolitan Market. 4. Trade Rivals.

5. Commodities of Export. 6. The Trade Balance.

VIII. PORTS AND MERCHANT SHIPPING

1. London and Southampton. 2. Liverpool and the

Manchester Ship Canal. 3. Glasgow as a Port and

Shipbuilder. 4. Trade Routes. 5. Evolution of

the Shipowner. 6. Evolution of the Steamship.

7. Insurance and Registration.

IX. ROADS AND CANALS

1. Communication by Land and Water. 2. Turnpike

Trusts and the Road Builders. 3. The Building of

Canals and their Economic Influence. 4. Causes of

Decline.

X. RAILWAYS AND MOTOR TRANSPORT

1. The Great Railway Engineers. 2. Technical Problems.

3. Purpose and Course of Construction. 4. Advan-

tages conferred by Railways. 5. Railways and the

State. 6. The Challenge of Motor Transport.

123

150

173

187

XI. THE TRANSMISSION OF NEWS

1. Posts and the Post Office. 2. Telegraphs, Cables and

Wireless. 3. The Telephone.

4. The Economic

Significance of the Electrical Industry.

209

1. The Feeding of the People. 2. The London Corn

Market at the Beginning of the 19th Century.

3. Enclosure and Tenant-farming. 4. Agricultural

Practice, 1700-1875. 5. Burdens on Agriculture.

6. Foreign Competition and the Long Depression.

7. The Contrast between British and American

Agriculture.

XIII. STEAM POWER AND THE ENGINEERS.

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221

1. Boulton and Watt. 2. Rise of the Machine Tool

Industry. 3. Coal and Coal Mining.

1. From Charcoal to Pit Coal. 2. British Leadership in

the Casting of Iron. 3. The Puddling and Rolling of

Iron. 4. The New Steel. 5. Pre-war Production of

Great Britain, Germany, and the United States.

1. Place Names of Textile Products. 2. Woollens. 3. Silk.

4. Linen and Jute. 5. Hosiery and Lace.

6. Cotton. 7. The Great Inventions in the Cotton

and Woollen Industries. 8. Distinctive Features in

the Textile Transition.

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303

XVI. THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN RETROSPECT

1. The Birth Decade of the Revolution. 2. Copper and

Brass. 3. The Potteries. 4. The Generalisation of

Machine Industry. 5. Competition and the Unit of

Enterprise. 6. The State and Laissez-faire.

PART IV

LIFE AND LABOUR

XVII. REACTIONS OF INDUSTRIALISM

1. Population and Emigration. 2. The Poor Law and

Apprenticeship. 3.The Migration to Industry.

4. Precise Reaction of Machinery on Hand-workers.

5. Employment of Women and Children. 6. The

Medical Revolution. 7. Sanitation and Housing.

327

CHAPTER

XVIII. DOGMA AND REVOLT

1. Liberalism and Benthamism. 2. The Classical

Political Economy. 3. The Messages of Cobbett

and Owen. 4. Early English Socialists. 5. Car-

lyle, Ruskin and Marx. 6. The Novel as a Source

of Economic History.

XIX. THE ORGANISATION OF LABOUR

1. Labour and the State. 2. Trade Union Origins.

3. National Effort, 1830-1890. 4. The Labour Trend,

1890-1927. 5. Trade Unions and the Law, 1867-

1927. 6. Wages and Retail Prices, 1800-1900.

7. British and American Labour Movements com-

pared.

XX. FRIENDLY SOCIETIES AND THE

MOVEMENT

CO-OPERATIVE

1. Friendly Societies. and Savings Banks. 2. Life

Insurance. 3. Insurance and the Co-operative

Movement. 4. Labour Co-partnership and the Co-

operative Store. 5. Early History of Co-operation.

6. The Wholesale Societies. 7. Problems of the

20th Century.

SELECTED READING

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380

INTRODUCTION

THE WEALTH OF NATIONS

B