Constitutional Interpretation: Powers of government

action affirmed applied appointment argument Article authority BACKGROUND & FACTS branch certiorari Chief Justice citizens claim Commerce Clause Committee Confrontation Clause Congress congressional Constitution constitutionality contract conviction counsel Court of Appeals crime criminal death penalty decision declared defendant dissenting District Court Due Process Clause duty economic effect enacted enforcement evidence executive exercise federal Fifth Amendment Fourteenth Amendment function granted gress guarantee immunity imposed individual interest interstate commerce issue judges judgment judicial review judiciary jurisdiction jury jury trial Justice BRENNAN Justice Marshall L.Ed legislative legislature liberty limited means ment Miranda Miranda warnings officers operation opinion penalty person petitioner political President presidential principle privilege prohibition protection provisions punishment purpose question reason recess appointment regulation rule S.Ct Senate separation of powers specific statute T]he testimony tion tional treaty trial U.S. Supreme Court unconstitutional United valid violation vote witness