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INDEX.

A

ABSENTEE tax, the propriety of, considered
with reference to Ireland, 379.

Accounts of money, in modern Europe, all
kept, and the value of goods computed, in
silver, 16.

Actors, public, paid for the contempt attend-
ing their profession, 44.

Africa, cause assigned for the barbarous state

of the interior parts of that continent, 9.
African company, establishment and constitu-
tion of, 309. Receive an annual allowance
from parliament for forts and garrisons, 310.
The company not under sufficient controul,
ib. History of the Royal African company,
311. Decline of, ib. Rise of the present
company, ib.

Age, the foundation of rank and precedency
in rude as well as civilized societies, 297.
Aggregate fund, in the British finances, ex-
plained, 588.

Agio of the bank of Amsterdam explained,
194. Of the bank of Hamburgh, 195.
The agio at Amsterdam, how kept at a me-
dium rate, 197.

Agriculture, the labour of, does not admit of
such subdivisions as manufactures, 3. This
impossibility of separation prevents agricul-
ture from improving equally with manufac-
tures. ib. Natural state of, in a new colony,
38. Requires more knowledge and experi-
ence than most mechanical professions, and
yet is carried on without any restrictions,
53. The terms of rent, how adjusted be-
tween landlord and tenant, 60. Is extended
by good roads and navigable canals, 62
Under what circumstances pasture land is
more valuable than arable, 63. Gardening
not a very gainful employment, 64. Vines
the most profitable article of culture, 65.
Estimates of profit from projects very falla-
cious, ib. Cattle and tillage mutually im-
prove each other, 93, Remarks on that of
Scotland, ib. On that of North America,
94. Poultry, a profitable article in husban
dry, ib. Hogs, 95. Dairy, 96. Evidences
of land being completely improved, ib. The
extension of cultivation, as it raises the price

of animal food, reduces that of vegetables,
103. By whom and how practised under
feudal government, 137. Its operations not
so much intended to increase, as to direct,
the fertility of nature, 149. Has been the
cause of the prosperity of the British colonies
in America, 150. The profits of, exaggerat-
ed by projectors, 154. On equal terms, is
naturally preferred to trade, 156. Artificers
necessary to the carrying it on, ib. Was not
attended to by the northern destroyers of the
Roman empire, 157. The ancient policy
of Europe unfavourable to, 162. Was pro-
moted by the commerce and manufactures
of towns, 170. The wealth arising from,
more solid and durable than that which pro-
ceeds from commerce, 172. Is not encou-
aged by the bounty on the exportation of corn,
207. Why the proper business of new com-
panies, 251. The present agricultural sys-
tem of political economy adopted in France,
described, 275. Is discouraged by restric-
tions and prohibitions in trade, 279. Is fa-
voured beyond manufactures in China, 282.
And in ludostan, 285. Does not require so
extensive a market as manufactures, 284.
To check manufactures in order to promote
agriculture, false policy, 285. Landlords
ought to be encouraged to cultivate part of
their own land, 350.

Alcavala, the tax in Spain so called, explained
and considered, 381. The ruin of the Spa-
nish manufactures attributed to this tax,
ib.

Alehouses, the number of, not the efficient
cause of drunkenness, 148. 200.
Allodial rights, mistaken for feudal rights, 168.

The introduction of the feudal law tended
to moderate the authority of the allodial
lords, ib.

Ambassadors, the first motive of their appoint-
ment, 307.

America, why labour is dearer in North A-
merica than in England, 29 Great in-
crease of population there, ib. Common
rate of interest there, 58. Is a new market
for the produce of its own silver mines, 85
The first accounts of the two empires of Pe

ru and Mexico greatly exaggerated, ib. Im-
proving state of the Spanish colonies there,
86. Account of the paper currency of the
British colonies, 134. Cause of the rapid
prosperity of the British colonies there,
150. Why manufactures for distant sale
nave never been established there, 156. Its
speedy improvement owing to assistance
from foreign capitals, 157. The purchase
nd improvement of uncultivated land the
most profitable employment of capitals, 171.
Commercial alterations produced by the dis-
covery of, 181. But two civilized nations
found on the whole continent, ib. The
wealth of the North American colonies in-
creased, though the balance of trade continu-
ed against them, 203. Madeira wine, how
introduced there, 204. Historical review
of the European settlements in, 229. Of
Spain, 232, 233. Of Holland, 234. Of France |
ib. Of Britain, ib. Ecclesiastical govern-
ment in the several European colonies, 235.
Fish a principal article of trade from North
America to Spain, Portugal, and the Me-
diterranean, 237. Naval stores to Britain,
238. Little credit due to the policy of Eu-
rope from the success of the colonies, 242.
The dicovery and colonization of, how far
advantageous to Europe, 243.
And to
America, ib. The colonies in, governed
by a spirit of monopoly, 261. The interest
of the consumer in Britain sacrificed to
that of the producer, by the system of colo-
nization, 274. Plan for extending the Bri-Balance of trade, no certain criterion to de-
tish system of taxation, over all the provin-
ces of, 397, 398. The question, how the
Americans could pay taxes without specie,
considered, 402. Ought in justice to con-
tribute to discharge the public debt in Bri-
tain, 402. Expediency of their union with
Britain, 403. The British empire there a
mere project, 404.

tion of long apprenticeships, ib. The sta-
tute of, ought to be repealed, 191.
Arabs, their manner of supporting war, 289.
Army, three different ways by which a nation
may maintain one in a distant country,
178. Standing, distinction between and a
militia, 292. Historical review of, 294.
The Macedonian army, ib. Carthaginian
army, ib
Roman army, ib. Is alone able

to perpetuate the civilization of a country,
296. Is the speediest engine for civilizing
a barbarous country, ib. Under what cir-
cumstances dangerous to, and under what
favourable to liberty, ib.

Artificers prohibited by law from going to
foreign countries, 273. Residing abroad,
and not returning on notice, exposed to
ontlawry, ib. See Manufactures.

Asdrubal, his army greatly improved by dis-
cipline, 294. How defeated, ib.
Assembly, houses of, in the British colonies,
the constitutional freedom of, shewn, 240,
Assiento Contract, 312.

Amsterdam, agio of the bank of, explained,
194. Occasion of its establishment, 195.
Advantages attending payments there, ib.
Rate demanded for keeping money there,
ib. Prices at which bullion and coin are
received, 196, note. This bank the great
warehouse of Europe for bullion, 197.
Demands upon, how made and answered,
ib. The agio, how kept at a medium rate,
ib.

The treasure of, whether all preserved
in its repositories, 198. The amount of its
treasure only to be conjectured, ib. Fees
paid to the bank for transacting business,

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Assize of bread and ale, remarks on that sta-
tute, 75, 77.

Augustus, emperor, emancipates the slaves of
Vedius Pollio for his cruelty, 241.

B

Balance of annual produce and consumption
explained, 203. May be in favour of a
nation, when the balance of trade is against
it, ib.

termine on which side it turns between two
countries, 192. The current doctrine of,
on which most regulations of trade are
founded, absurd, 199. If even, by the
exchange of their native commodities, both
sides may be gainers, ib. How the balance
would stand if native commodities on one
side were paid with foreign commodities on
the other, ib. How the balance stands when
commodities are purchased with gold and
silver, ib., 200. The ruin of countries often
predicted from the doctrine of an unfavour-
able balance of trade, 202.

Banks, great increase of trade in Scotland
since the establishment of them in the prin-
cipal towns, 120. Their usual course of
business, 121. Consequences of their issu-
ing too much paper, 122. Necessary cau-
tion for some time observed by them with
regard to giving credit to their customers,
124. Limits of the advances they may im-
prudently make to traders, 125. How in-
jured by the practice of drawing and re-
drawing bills, 126, 127. History of the
Ayr bank, 128. History of the bank of
England, 130. The nature and pubuc
advantage of banks considered, 131. Ban-
kers might carry on their business with less
paper, 132.
Effects of the optional clauses
in the Scotch notes, 133. Origin of their
establishment, 194. Bank money explain-
ed, 195. Bank of England, the conduct of,
in regard to the coinage, 226. Joint stock
companies, why well adapted to the trad

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Barons, feudal, their power contracted by the
grant of municipal privileges. 163. Their
extensive authority, 168. How they lost
their authority over their vassals, 169. And
the power to disturb their country, 170.
Barter, the exchange of one commodity for
another, the propensity to of extensive o-
peration, and peculiar to man, 6. Is not
sufficient to carry on the mutual intercourse
of mankind, 10. See Commerce.
Batavia, causes of the prosperity of the Dutch
settlement there, 263.

Beaver skins, review of the policy used in the
trade for, 273.

Bef. cheaper now in London than in the
reign of James J., 63. Compared with the
prices of wheat at the corresponding times,
64.

Benefices, ecclesiastical, the tenure of, why
rendered secure, 335. The power of col-
lating to, how taken from the pope, in Eng-
land and France, 338. General equality
of, among the presbyterians, 340. Good
effects of this equality, ib.

Bengal, to what circumstances its early im-
provement in agriculture and manufactures
was owing, 9 Present miserable state of
the country, 30. Remarks on the high
rates of interest there, 39. Oppressive con-
duct of the English there, to suit their trade
in opium, 263. Why more remarkable for
the exportation of manufactures than of
grain, 284.

Berne, brief history of the republic of, 164.
Establishment of the reformation there, 338.
Application of the revenue of the catholic
clergy, 341. Derives a revenue from the
interest of its treasure, 344.

Bills of Exchange, punctuality in the payment|
of, how secured, 126. The pernicious prac-
tice of drawing and redrawing explained.
ib. The arts made use of to disguise this
mutual traffic in bills, 127.

Birth, superiority of, how it confers respect
and authority, 298.

Bishops, the ancient mode of electing them,
and how altered, 335, 337.

Body, natural and political, analogy between,

280.

Bohemia, account of the tax there on the in-
dustry of artificers, 366.

Bounty, on the exportation of corn, the ten-
dency of this measure examined, 81.
Bounties, why given in commerce. 183. On
exportation, the policy of granting them]

considered, 205. On the exportation of
corn, 206. This bounty imposes two taxes
on the people, 207. Evil tendency of this
bounty, 209. The bounty only beneficial to
the exporter and importer, ib. Motives of
the country gentlemen in granting the
bounty, 210. A trade which requires a
bounty, necessarily a losing trade, ib.
Tonnage bounties to the fisheries consi-
dered, 211. Account of the white herring
fishery 212. Remarks on other bounties,
213. A review of the principles on which
they are generally granted, 267. Those
granted on American produce founded on
mistaken policy, 268. How they affect
the consumer, 274.

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Britain, Great, evidences that labour is suf-
ficiently paid for there, 30. The price of
provisions nearly the same in most places,
31.

Great variations in the price of labour,
ib. Vegetables imported from Flanders in
the last century, 32. Historical account of
the alterations interest of money has under-
gone, 37. Double interest deemed a rea-
sonable mercantile profit, 40. In what re-
spects the carrying trade is advantageous to,
152, 153. Appears to enjoy more of the
carrying trade of Europe than it really
has, 153. It is the only country of Europe
in which the obligation of purveyance is
abolished, 161. Its funds for the support
of foreign wars inquired into, 178, 179.
Why never likely to be much affected by the
free importation of Irish cattle, 186 Nor
salt provisions, ib. Could be little affected
by the importation of foreign corn, 187.
The policy of the commercial restraints
on the trade with France examined, 192.
The trade with France might be more ad-
vantageous to each country than that with
any other, 202. Why one of the richest
countries in Europe, while Spain and Por-
tugal are among the poorest, 221. Review
of her American colonies, 234. The trade
of her colonies, how regulated, 236. Dis-
tinction between enumerated and non-enu-
merated commodities explained, 237. Re-
strains manufactures in America, 238, 239
Indulgences granted to the colonists, 239.
Constitutional freedom of her colony go-
vernment, 240. The sugar colonies of,
worse governed than those of France, 241.
Disadvantages resulting from retaining the
exclusive trade of tobacco with Maryland
and Virginia, 244, 245 The navigation

act has increased the colony trade, at the
expense of many other branches of foreign
trade, 245. The advantage of the colony
trade estimated, 247. A gradual relaxation
of the exclusive trade recommended, 250.
Events which have concurred to prevent the
ill effects of the loss of the colony trade, ib.
The natural good effects of the colony trade
more than counterbalance the bad effects of
the monopoly 251. To maintain a mono-
poly, the principal end of the dominion as-
sumed over the colonies, 254. Has derived
nothing but loss from this dominion, ib.
Is perhaps the only state which has only in-
creased its expenses by extending its empire,
256. The constitution of, would have been
completed by admitting of American repre-
sentation, 258. Review of the administra-
tion of the East India Company, 264, 265.
The interest of the consumer sacrificed to
that of the producer in raising an empire in
America, 274. The annual revenue of,
compared with its annual rents and interest
of capital stock, 345, 346. The land tax of,
considered. 348. Tithes, 352 Window-
tax, 357. Stamp duties, 363, 365. Poll-
taxes in the reign of William III., 367.
The uniformity of taxation in, favourable
to internal trade, 382. The system of taxa-
tion in, compared with that in France,
384. Account of the unfunded debt of,
387.

Funded debt, 388. Aggregate and
general funds, ib. Sinking fund, 389.
Annuities for terms of years and for lives,
ib. Perpetual annuities the best transfer
able stock, 391. The reduction of the pub-
lic debts during peace bears no proportion
to their accumulation during war, 392.
The trade with the tobacco colonies, how
carried on, without the intervention of
specie, 401. The trade with the sugar co
lonies explained, ib. Ireland and America
ought in justice to contribute towards the
discharge of her public debts, 402. How
the territorial acquisitions of the East India
Company might be rendered a source of re-
venue, 403. If no such assistance can be
obtained, her only resource pointed out, ib.
Bullion, the money of the great mercantile re-
public, 179. See Gold and Silver.
Burghs, free, the origin of, 163. To what cir-
cuinstances they owed their corporate juris-
dictions, ib. Why admitted to send repre-
sentatives to parliament, 164. Are allowed
to protect refugees from the country, 165.
Burn, Dr. his observation on the laws relating
to the settlements of the poor, 58, 59.
Butcher's meat, nowhere a necessary of life,

370.

с

Calvinists, origin of that sect, 339.

Their

principles of church government, ib.
Cameron, Mr. of Lochiel, exercised, within
thirty years since, a criminal jurisdiction
over his own tenants, 168.

Canada, the French colony there, long under
the government of an exclusive company,

4

234. But improved speedily after the dis-
solution of the company, ib.

Canals, navigable, the advantages of, 62. How
to be made and maintained, 303. That of
Languedoc, the support of, how secured, ib.
May be successfully managed by joint stock
companies, 317.

Cantillon, Mr. remarks on his account of the
earnings of the labouring poor, 28.
Cape of Good Hope, causes of the prosperity of
the Dutch settlement there, 263.
Cupital, in trade, explained, and how employ-
ed, 112. Distinguished into circulating and
fixed capitals, ib. Characteristic of fixed
capitals, 113. The several kinds of fixed
capitals specified, ib. Characteristic of cir-
culating capitals, and the several kinds of,
114. Fixed capitals supported by those which
are circulating, ib. Circulating capitals
how supported, ib. Intention of a fixed
capital, 116. The expense of maintaining
the fixed and circulating capitals illustrated,
ib. Money, as an article of circulating ca-
pital, considered. ib. Money no measure of
capital, 118. What quantity of industry
any capital can employ, 120. Capitals, how
far they may be extended by paper credit,
125. Must always be replaced with profi
by the annual produce of land and labour,
136 The proportion between capital and
revenue regulates the proportion between in-
dustry and idleness, 138. How it is increas-
ed or diminished, ib. National evidences of
the increase of, 141. In what instances
private expenses contribute to enlarge the
national capital, 142. The increase of, re-
duces profits by competition, 145. The dif-
ferent ways of employing a capital, 147.
How replaced to the different classes of
traders, 148. That employed in agricul
ture puts into motion a greater quantity
of productive labour than any equal_ca-
pital employed in manufactures, 149. That
of a manufacturer should reside within
the country, 150. The operation of capi-
tals employed in agriculture, manufactures,
and foreign trade compared, ib. The pros-
perity of a country depends on the due
proportion of its capital applied to these three
grand objects, 151. Different returns of
capitals employed in foreign trade, 152 Is
rather employed in agriculture than in trade
and manufactures, on equal terms, 155, 156.
Is rather employed in manufactures than in
foreign trade, 156. The natural progress
of the employment of, 157. Acquired by
trade, is very precarious, until realized by
the cultivation and improvement of land,
172. The employment of, in the different
species of trade, how determined, 183.
Capitation taxes, the nature of, considered, 367.
In England, ib. In France, ib.
Carriage, land and water, compared, 8. Wa-
ter carriage contributes to improve arts and
industry in all countries where it can be used,
9, 62, 87. Land, how facilitated and reduced
in price by public works, 303.

lay proprietors, 351. The nature and ef-
fect of tithes considered, 352.

Circulation, the dangerous practice of raising
money by, explained, 127. In traffic, the
two different branches of, considered, 132.
Cities, circumstances which contributed to their
opulence, 165. Those of Italy the first that
rose to consequence, ib. The commerce
and manufactures of, have occasioned the
improvement and cultivation of the country

170.

Clergy, a supply of, provided for, by public
and private foundations for their education,
55. Curates worse paid than many me-
chanics, ib. Of an established religion,
why unsuccessful against the teachers of a
new religion, 330. Why they persecute

Carrying trade, the nature and operation of, |
examined, 152. Is the symptom, but not
the cause of national wealth, and hence
points out the two richest countries in Eu-
rope, 153. Trades may appear to be car-
rying trades which are not so, ib. The
disadvantages of, to individuals, 183. The
Dutch, how excluded from being the car-
riers to Great Britain, 187, 188. Draw-
backs of duties originally granted for the
encouragement of, 205.
Carthaginian army, its superiority over the
Roman army accounted for, 294.
Cattle and Corn, their value compared, in the
different stages of agriculture, 62. The
price of, reduced by artificial grasses, 63.
To what height the price of cattle may rise
in an improving country, 92, 93. The
raising a stock of, necessary for the supply
of manure to farms, 93. Cattle must bear
a good price to be well fed, ib. The
price of, rises in Scotland in consequence of
the union with England, ib. Great mul-
tiplication of European cattle in America,
94. Are killed in some countries merely
for the sake of the hides and tallow, 97.
The market for these articles more extensive
than for the carcase, ib. This market some-
times brought nearer home by the establish-
ment of manufactures, ib. How the ex-
tension of cultivation raises the price of ani-
mal food, 103. Is perhaps the only com-
modity more expensive to transport by sea
than by land, 186. Great Britain never
likely to be much affected by the free im-Coal must generally be cheaper than wood to
portation of Irish cattle, ib.

Certificates, parish, the laws relating to, with
observations on them, 58.

Child, Sir Josiah, his observation on trading
companies, 309.

Children, riches unfavourable to the produc-
tion, and extreme poverty to the raising, of
them, 33. The mortality still greater among
those maintained by charity, ib.
China, to what the early improvement in arts
and industry there was owing, 9. Concur-
rent testimonies of the misery of the lower
ranks of the Chinese, 30. Is not, how-
ever, a declining country, ib. High rate
of interest of money there, 40. Great state
assumed by the grandees, 86.
The price
of labour there lower than in the greater
part of Europe, 87. Silver the most pro-
fitable article to send thither, ib. The pro-
portional value of gold to silver, how rated
there, 89. The value of gold and silver much
higher there than in any part of Europe, 101.
Agriculture favoured there beyond manu-
factures, 282. Foreign trade not favoured
there, 283. Extension of the home mar-
ket, ib.

Great attention paid to the roads
there, 305, 300. In what the principal re-
venue of the sovereign consists, 353. The
revenue of, partly raised in kind, ib.
Church, the richer the church the poorer the
state, 341. Amount of the revenue of the
church of Scotland, 342. The revenue of
the church heavier taxed in Prussia than

their adversaries, ib. The zeal of the in-
ferior clergy of the church of Rome, how
kept alive, ib. Utility of ecclesiastical es-
tablishments, 331. How connected with
the civil magistrate, ib., 332. Unsafe for
the civil magistrate to differ with them, 334.
Must be managed without violence, ib.
335. Of the church of Rome, one great
army cantoned over Europe, ib., 356. Their
power similar to that of temporal barons
during the feudal monkish ages, ib. How
the power of the Romish clergy declined,
337. Evils attending allowing parishes to
elect their own ministers 339.

Clothing, more plentiful than food in unculti-
vated countries, 68. The materials for, the
first articles rude nations have to offer, ib.

gain the preference for fuel, 70.
The price
of, how reduced, ib. The exportation of,
subjected to a duty higher than the prime
cost of, at the pit, 273. The cheapest of
all fuel, 370. The tax on absurdly regu
lated, ib.

Coal mines, their different degrees of fertility,
70. When fertile, are sometimes unprofit
able by situation, ib. The proportion of
rent generally paid for, ib., 71.
The ma-
chinery necessary to, expensive, 112.
Coal trade from Newcastle to London em-
ploys more shipping than all the other car-
rying trade of England 155.

Cochin China, remarks on the principal arti-
cles of cultivation there, 66.

Coin, stamped, the origin and peculiar advan-
tages of, in commerce, 11. The different
species of, in different ages and countries,
ib. Causes of the alterations in the value of,
ib., 12, 13, 14. How the standard coin of
different nations came to be of different
metals, 16. A reform in the English coin-
age suggested, 19. Silver, consequences
attending the debasement of, 82. Coinage
of France and Britain examined, 193.
Why coin is privately melted down, 225.
The mint chiefly employed to keep up the
quantity thus diminished, ib. A duty to
pay the coinage would preserve money from
being melted or counterfeited, ib. Stan-
dard of the gold coin in France, ib. How
a seignorage on coin would operate. 226.

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