ed there, 120. Amount of the circulating
money there before the Union, ib. Amount
of the present circulating cash, 121. Course
of dealings in the Scotch banks, ib. Dif.
ficulties occasioned by these banks issuing
too much paper, 123. Necessary caution
for some time observed by the banks in giv-
ing credit to their customers, with the good
effects of it, 124. The scheine of drawing
and redrawing adopted by traders, 126. Its
pernicious tendency explained, ib., 127.
History of the Ayr bank, 128. Mr. Law's
scheme to improve the country, 130. The
prices of goods in not altered by paper cur-
rency, 133 Effect of the optional clauses
in their notes, ib. Cause of the speedy es-
tablishment of the Reformation there, 339.
The disorders attending popular elections of
the clergy there, occasioned the right of pa-
tronage to be established, ib. Amount of
the whole revenue of the clergy, 342.
Sea service and military service by land, com-
pared, 45.

Sects in religion, the more numerous, the better
for society, 332. Why they generally pro-
fess the austere system of morality, 333.
Self love the governing principle in the inter-
course of human society, 6.

Servants, menial, distinguished from hired
workmen. 135. The various orders of men
who rank in the former class in reference to
their labour, 136. Their labour unproduc-
tive, 280.

Settlements of the poor, brief review of the Eng-
lish laws relating to, 57. The removals of
the poor a violation of natural liberty, 59.
The law of, ought to be repealed, 191.
Sheep, frequently killed in Spain for the sake

of the fleece and the tallow, 97. Severe laws
against the exportation of them and their
wool, 268.

Shepherds, war, how supported by a nation of,
289. Inequality of fortune among, the
source of great authority. 298. Birth and

family highly honoured in nations of shep-
herds, ib Inequality of fortune first began
to take place in the age of shepherds, 299.
And introduced civil government, ib.
Shetland, how rents are estimated and paid
there, 61.

Silk manufacture, how transferred from Lucca
to Venice, 166.

Silver, the first standard coinage of the nor
thern subverters of the Roman empire, 16.
Its proportional value to gold regulated by
law, 17. Is the measure of the value of
gold, ib. Mint price of silver in England,
ib. Inquiry into the difference between the
mint and market price of bullion, ib., 18.
How to preserve the silver coin from being |
melted down for profit, 18. The mines of,
in Europe, why generally abandoned, 71.
Evidences of the small profit they yield to
the proprietors in Peru, ib. Qualities for
which this metal is valued, 72. The most
abundant mines of, would add little to the
wealth of the world, 73. But the increase
to the quantity of, would depreciate its

own value, 74. Circumstances that might
counteract this effect, ib. Historical view
of the variations in the value of, during the
four last centuries. ib., 75. Remarks on its
rise in value compared with corn, 76. Cir-
cumstances that might have misled writers
in reviewing the value of silver, ib. Corn
the best standard for judging of the real
value of silver, 79. The price of, how af-
fected by the increase of quantity, ib. The
value of, sunk by the discovery of the Ame-
rican mines, 81. When the reduction of
its value from this cause appears to have
been completed. ib. Tax paid from the
Peruvian mines to the king of Spain, 85
The value of silver kept up by an extension
of the market, ib. Is the most profitable
commodity that can be sent to China, 86.
The value of, how proportioned to that of
gold before and after the discovery of the
American mines, 89. The quantity com-
monly in the market in proportion to that
of gold probably greater than their relative
values indicate, ib. The value of, probably
rising, and why. 90, 91. The opinion of a
depreciation of its value not well founded,
100. The real value of degraded by the
bounty on the exportation of corn, 207.
Sinking fund in the British finances explained,
389 Is inadequate to the discharge of
former debts, and almost wholly applied to
other purposes, 391. Motives to the mis-
application of it, ib., 392.

Staves, the labour of dearer to the masters than
that of freemen. 33. Under feudal lords, cir-
cumstances of their situation, 159. Countries
where this order of men still remains, ib.
Why the service of slaves is preferred to
that of freemen, ib. Their labour why un-
profitable. ib. Causes of the abolishing of
slavery throughout the greater part of Eu-
rope, 160. Receive more protection from
the magistrate in an arbitrary government
than in one that is free, 241. Why em-
ployed in manufactures by the ancient Gre-
cians 284. Why no improvements are to be
expected from them, ib.

Smuggling, a tempting, but generally a ruin-
ous employment, 46. Encouraged by high
duties, 373. Remedies against, 374. The
crime of, morally considered, 381.
Society, human, the first principles of, 6.
Soldiers, remarks on their motives for engag-
ing in the military line, 45. Comparison be-
tween the land and sea service. i Why no
sensible inconvenience felt by the disbanding
of great numbers after a war is over, 190.
Reason of their first serving for pay, 291.
How they became a distinct class of the
people, 292. How distinguished from the
militia, ib. Alteration in their exercise
produced by the invention of fire-arms ib.
South Sea company, amazing capital once en-
joyed by, 31. Mercantile and stock-job-
bing projects of, 312. Assiento contract,
ib. Whale fishery, ib. The capital of
turned into annuity stock, ib., 388.
Sovereign and trader,inconsistent characters, 344

individuals, how employed, 115. Is fre
quently buried or concealed in arbitrary
countries, ib. The profits on, decrease in
proportion as the quantity increases, 137.
On what principles stock is lent and bor-
rowed at interest, 144. That of every so-
ciety divided among different employments,
in the proportion most agreeable to the pub-
lic interest, by the private views of indivi-
duals, 260. The natural distribution of,
deranged by monopolizing systems, 261.
Every derangement of, injurious to the so-
ciety, 262. Mercantile, is barren and un-
productive, according to the French agri-
cultural system of political economy, 277.
How far the revenue from, is an object of
taxation, 357. A tax on, intended under
the land-tax, 358.

Stockings, why cheaply manufactured in Scot-
land, 49. When first introduced into Eng-
land, 104.

Sovereign, three duties only necessary for him |
to attend to for supporting a system of na-
tural liberty, 286. How he is to protect the
society from external violence, 289, 296.
And the members of it from the injustice
and oppression of each other, 297. And to
maintain public works and institutions, 30o.
Spain, one of the poorest countries in Europe,
notwithstanding its rich mines, 101. Its
commerce has produced no considerable ma-
nufactures for distant sale, and the greater
part of the country remains uncultivated,
171, 172. Spanish mode of estimating their
American discoveries, 173. The value of
gold, and silver there depreciated by lay-
ing a tax on the exportation of them, 208.
Agriculture and manufactures there dis-
couraged by the redundancy of gold and
silver, ib., 209. Natural consequences that
would result from taking away this tax, ib
The real and pretended motives of the court
of Castile for taking possession of the coun-
tries discovered by Columbus, 230. The
tax on gold and silver, how reduced, ib
Gold the object of all the enterprises to the
new world, ib. The colonies of, less popu-
lous than those of any other European na-
tion, 232, 233. Asserted an exclusive claim
to all America, until the miscarriage of their
invincible armada, ib. Policy of the trade
with the colonies, 236. The American es-
tablishments of, effected by private adven-
turers, who received little beyond permis-
sion from the government, 242. Lost its
manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile
colonies, 251. The alcavala tax there ex-
plained, 381. The ruin of the Spanish ma-
nufactures attributed to it, ib.
Speculation, a distinct employment in improv-
ed society, 5. Speculative merchants de-
scribed, 47.

Stage, public performers on, paid for the con-
tempt attending their profession, 44.
political use of dramatic representations,

334.

The

Stamp duties in England and Holland, re-
marks on, 363, 364, 365.

Steel-bow tenants in Scotland, what, 160.
Stock, the profits raised on, in manufactures,
explained, 20. In trade, an increase of,
raises wages, and diminishes profit, 36.
Must be larger in a great town than in a
country village, 37. Natural consequences
of a deficiency of stock in new colonies, 38.
The profits on, little affected by the easi-
ness or difficulty of learning a trade, 43.
But by the risk or disagreeableness of the
business, 46. Stock employed for profit
sets into motion the greater part of useful
labour, 106. No accumulation of, necessary
in the rude state of society, 111. The ac-
cumulation of, necessary to the division of
labour, ib. Stock distinguished into two
parts, 112. The general stock of a coun-
try or society explained. 113. Houses, ib.
Improved land, ib. Personal abilities, ib.
Money and provisions, 114.
Raw mate-
rials and manufactured goods, ib. Stock of

Stone quarries, their value depends on situa-
tion, 69, 74.

Stones, precious, of no use but for ornament,
and how the price of, is regulated, 73. The
most abundant mines, would add little to
the wealth of the world, ib.
Subordination, how introduced into society,
297. Personal qualifications, ib. Age and
fortune, ib. Birth, 298. Birth and for-
tune two great sources of personal distinc-
tion, ib.

Subsidy, old, in the English customs, the draw-
backs upon, 203 Origin and import of the
term, 372.

Sugar, a very profitable article of cultivation,
66, 159. Drawbacks on the importation of,
from England, 204. Might be cultivated
by the drill-plough instead of all hand-la-
bour by slaves, 241. A proper subject for
taxation, as an article sold at monopoly
price, 378.

Sumptuary laws superfluous restraints on the
common people, 142.

Surinam, present state of the Dutch colony
there, 234

Switzerland, establishment of the Reformation
in Berne and Zurich, 338. The clergy there
zealous and industrious, 342. Taxes how
paid there, 359, 363.

T

Taille, in France, the nature of that tax, and
its operation, explained, 161.
Talents, natural, not so various in different
men as is supposed, 7.
Tartars, their manner of conducting war, 289.
Their invasions dreadful, ib.

Tavernier, his account of the diamond mines
of Golconda and Visiapour, 73.

Taxes, the origin of, under the feudal govern-
ment, 162. The sources from whence they
must arise, 347. Unequal taxes, ib. Ought
to be clear and certain, ib. Ought to be
levied at the times most convenient for pay-
ment, ib. Ought to take as little as possi-
ble out of the pockets of the people more
than is brought into the public treasury, 348

manufactures by the discovery of America,
ib. And by the discovery of a passage to the
East Indies round the Cape of Good Hope,
ib

Error of commercial writers in estima-
ting national wealth by gold and silver, 182.
Inquiry into the cause and effect of restraints
upon trade, ib.
Individuals, by pursuing
their own interest, unknowingly promote
that of the public, 184. Legal regula
tions, of trade unsafe, ib. Retaliatory re-
gulations between nations, 189. Measures
for laying trade open ought to be carried
into execution slowly, 191. l'olicy of the re-
straints on trade between France and Britain
considered, 192. No certain criterion to de-
termine on which side the balance of trade
between two countries turns, ib. Most of the
regulations of, founded on a mistaken doc-
trine of the balance of trade, 199. Is gene-
rally founded on narrow principles of policy,
201. Drawbacks of duties, 203. The dealer
who employs his whole stock on one single
branch of business has an advantage of the
same kind with the workman who employs
his whole labour on a single operation, 216.
Consequences of drawing it from a number
of small channels into one great channel,
249. Colony trade, and the monopoly of
that trade distinguished, 250. The in-
terest of the consumer constantly sacrificed
to that of the producer, 274. Advantages
attending a perfect freedom of, to landed
nations, according to the present agricultu-
ral system of political economy in France,
278. Origin of foreign trade, 279. Con-
sequences of high duties and prohibit ons in
'anded nations, ib. How trade augments
.he revenue of a country, 281. Nature of
the trading intercourse between the inhabi-
tants of towns and those of the country,
285.

Trudes, cause and effect of the separation of,
3. Origin of 7.

Transit duties explained, 379.

Travelling for education, summary view of the
effects of, 324.

Treasures, why formerly accumulated by prin-
ces, 180.

Treasure-trove, the term explained, 115. Why
an mportant branch of revenue under the
ancient feudal governments, 385.
Turkey company, short historical view of 308.
Turnpikes. See Tolls.

Tithes, why an unequal tax, 352.

The levy-
ing of, a great discouragement to improve-
ments, ib. The fixing a modus for, a re-
lief to the farmer, 353.

V

Value, the term defined, 12.
Vedins Pollio, his cruelty to his slaves checked
by the Roman emperor Augustus, which
could not have been done under the repub-
Lean form of government, 241.
Venice origin of the silk manufacture in that
city, 166. Traded in East India goods be-
fore the sea track round the Cape of Good

Hope was discovered, 228, 229. Nature of
the land-tax in that republic, 349.
Venison, the price of, in Britain, does not com-
pensate the expense of a deer park, 94.
Vicesima hereditatum among the ancient Ro-
mans, the nature of, explained, 363.
Villages, how first formed, 156.
Villenage, probable cause of the wearing out
of that tenure in Europe, 160, 161.
Vineyard, the most profitable part of agricul-
ture, both among the ancients and moderns,
65. Great advantages derived from pecu-
liarities of soil in, ib.

Universities, the emoluments of the teachers
in, how far calculated to promote their dili-
gence, 319. The professors at Oxford have
mostly given up teaching ib. Those in
France subject to incompetent jurisdictions,
ib. The privileges of graduates improperly
obtained, 520. Abuse of lectureships, ib.
The discipline of, seldom calculated for the
benefit of the students, ib. Are in England,
more corrupted than the public schools. $21.
Original foundation of, ib. How Latin be-
came an essential article in academical edu-
cation, ib. How the study of the Greek
language was introduced, ib., $22. The three
great branches of the Greek philosophy,
ib. Are now divided into five branches, ib.
The monkish course of education in, $23.
Have not been very ready to adopt improve-
ments, ib. Are not well calculated to pre-
pare men for the world, 324. How filled with
good professors, or drained of them, 340.
Where the worst and best professors are
generally to be met with, ib., 341.-See
Colleges and Teachers.

W

Are

Wages of labour, how settled between masters
and workmen. 27. The workmen general-
ly obliged to comply with the terms of their
employers, ib. The opposition of workmen
outrageous, and seldom successful, 28. Cir-
cumstances which operate to raise wages, ib.
The extent of wages limited by the funds
from which they arise ib. Why higher in
North America than in England, ib.
low in countries that are stationary, ib.
Not oppressively low in Great Britain, 30.
A distinction made here between the wages
in summer and in winter, S1. If sufficient
in dear years, they must be ample in seasons
of plenty, ib. Different rates of, in differ-
ent places, ib. Liberal wages encourage
industry and propagation, $3. An advance
of, necessarily raises the price of many com-
modities, 36. An average of, not easily
ascertained, 37. The operation of high
wages and high profits compared, 41.
Causes of the variations of, in different em-
ployments, ib. Are generally higher in
new, than in old trades, 48, 57. Legal re-
gulations of, destroy industry and ingenu
ity, 59, 60. Natural effect of a direct tax

upon, 365.
Walpole, Sir Robert, his excise scheme defend-
ed. 375.