975. Under what direction the funds for
the repair of the roads are placed, 305.
General state of the roads, ib. The uni-
versities badly governed, 319. Remarks on
the management of the parliaments of, 335.
Measures taken in, to reduce the power
of the clergy, 337. Account of the mode
of rectifying the inequalities of the pre-
dial taille in the generality of Montauban,
352. The personal taille explained, 360.
The inequalities in, how remedied, 361.
How the personal taille discourages culti-
vation, ib. The vingtieme, 362. Stamp
duties and the controle, 364, 365. The
capitation tax, how rated, 367. Restraints
upon the interior trade of the country by
the local variety of the revenue laws, 382.
The duties on tobacco and salt, how levied.
983. The different sources of revenue in,
384. How the finances of, might be reform-
ed, ib. The French system of taxation
compared with that in Britain, ib. The
nature of tontines explained. 390. Estimate
of the whole national debt of, ib.
Frugality, generally a predominating principle |
in human nature, 140.

Fuller's earth, the exportation of why prohi-
bited, 271.

Funds, British, brief historical view of, 387.
Operation of, politically considered, 393.
The practice of funding has gradually en-
feebled every state that has adopted it, 395.
Fur trade, the first principles of, 68.

Glasgow, the trade of, doubled in fifteen years.
by erecting banks there, 120. Why a city of
greater trade than Edinburgh, 138.
Gold, not the standard value in England, 16.
Its value measured by silver, 17. Refor-
mation of the gold coin, ib. Mint price of
gold in England, ib. The working the mines
of, in Peru, very unprofitable. 71. Quali-
ties for which this metal is valued, 72. The
proportionate value of, to silver, how
rated before and after the discovery of the
American mines, 89. Is cheaper in the
Spanish market than silver, 90. Great
quantities of, remitted annually from Portu-
gal to England, 223. Why little of it re-
mains in England, ib. Is always to be had
for its value, 224.
Gold and Silver, the prices of how affected by
the increase of the quantity of the metals,
79. Are commodities that naturally seek
the best market, 80. Are metals of the least
value among the poorest nations, ib. The in-

crease in the quant.ty of, by means of wealth
and improvement, has no tendency to dimi-
nish their value. 81. The annual consump-
tion of those metals very considerable, 87.
Annual importation of, into Spain and Por-
tugal, 88. Are not likely to multiply be-
yond the demand, ib. The durability of,
the cause of the steadiness of their price, ib.
On what circumstances the quantity of in
every particular country, depends, 100. The
low value of these metals in a country no
evidince of its wealth, nor their high value
of its poverty, 101. If not employed at
home, will be sent abroad notwithstand-
ing all prohibitions, 139. The reason
why European nations have studied to ac-
cumulate these metals, 174. Commercial
arguments in favour of their exportation,
ib. These and all other commodities are
mutually the prices of each other, 175. The
quantity of, in every country, regulated by
the effectual demand, 176. Why the prices
of these metals do not fluctuate so much as
those of other commodities, ib.
To pre-
serve a due quantity of, in a country, no
proper object of attention for the govern
ment, 176. The accumulated gold and
silver in a country distinguished into three
parts, 178. A great quantity of bullion al-
ternately exported and imported for the pur-
poses of foreign trade, 179. Annual amount
of these metais imported into Spain and
Portugal. 180. The importation of, not the
principal benefit derived from foreign trade,
181. The value of how affected by the dis-
covery of the American mines, ib. And by
the passage round the Cape of Good Hope
to the East Indies, ib. Effect of the an-
nual exportation of silver to the East Indies,
182. The commercial means pursued to
increase the quantity of these metals in a
country, ib., 192. Bullion, how received and
paid at the bank of Amsterdam, 195. At
'what prices, 196, note. A trading country
without mines not likely to be exhausted by
an annual exportation of these metals, 200.
The value of, in Spain and Portugal, de-
preciated by restraining the exportation of
of them, 208. Are not imported for the pur-
poses of plate or coin, but for for foreign
trade, 224. The search after mines of, the
most ruinous of all projects, 230. Are valu-
able because scarce and difficult to be pro-
cured, 231.

Gorgias evidence of the wealth he acquired
by teaching. 56.
Government, civil, indispensibly necessary for
the security of private property, 297. Sub-
ordination in society, by what means intro-
duced, ib. Inequality of fortune introduces
civil government for its preservation, 299.
The administration of justice a source of re-
venue in early times, ib. Why government
ought not to have the management of turn-
pikes, 304. Nor of other public works,
306. Want of parsimony during peace
imposes a necessity of contracting debts, to
carry on a war, 386. Must support a regu-

lar administration of justice to cause manu-
factures and commerce to flourish, 387.
Origin of a national debt, ib Progression
of public debts, ib. War, why generally
agreeable to the people, 391.

Governors, political, the greatest spendthrifts in
society, 142.

Grasses, artificial, tend to reduce the price of
butcher's meat, 65.

Graziers, subject to monopolies obtained by
manufactures to their prejudice, 271.
Greece, foreign trade promoted in several of
the ancient states of, 284. Military exercises
a part of general education, 291. Soldiers
not a distinct profession in, ib. Course
of education in the republics of, 324. The
morals of the Greeks inferior to those
of the Romans, ib. Schools of the philoso-
phers and rhetoricians, 325. Law no sci-
ence among the Greeks, ib. Courts, of
justice, ib. The martial spirit of the peo-
ple, how supported, 329.

Greek colonies, how distinguished from Ro-
man colonies, 227, 228. Rapid progress of
these colonies, 232.

Greek language. how introduced as a part of
university education, 322, Philosophy, the
three great branches of, ib.

Ground rents, great variations of, according to
situation, 354. Are a more proper subject
of taxation, than houses, 355.

Gum senega, review of the regulations imposed
on the trade for, 272.
Gunpowder, great revolution effected in the
art of war by the invention of, 292, 296.
This invention favourable to the extension
of civilization, 296.

Gustavus Vasa, how enabled to establish the
Reformation in Sweden, 338.

H

Hanseatic league, causes that rendered it for
midable, 164. Why no vestige remains of
the wealth of the Hans towns, 172.
Humburgh, agio of the bank of, explained, 195.
Sources of the revenue of that city, 343,
344. The inhabitants of, how taxed to the
state, 359.

Hamburgh company, some account of, 308.
Hearth money, why abolished in England, 356,

357.

Henry VIII. of England, prepares the way for
the Reformation, by shutting out the autho-
rity of the pope, 338.
Herring buss bounty, remarks on, 211. Frau-
dulent claims of the bounty, ib. The boat
fishery the most natural and profitable, 212.
Account of the British white herring fishery,
ib. Account of the busses fitted out in
Scotland, the amount of their cargoes, and
the bounties on them, 287, Append.
Hides, the produce of rude countries commonly
carried to a distant market, 97. Price of, in
England three centuries ago, 98. Salted hides
inferior to fresh ones. 98, 99. The price
of, how affected by circumstances in culti-
vated and in uncultivated countries, ib.
Highlands of Scotland, interesting remarks on

|

the population of, 33. Military character
of the Highlanders, 293.

Hobbes, Mr. remarks on his definition of wealth,

13.

Hogs, circumstances which render their flesh
cheap or dear, 95.

Holland, observations on the riches, and trade
of the republic of, $8. Not to follow some
business unfashionable there. 40. Cause of
the dearness of corn there, 80. Enjoys the
greatest share in the carrying trade of Eu-
rope, 153. How the Dutch were excluded
from being the carriers to Great Britain,
188. Is a country that prospers under the
heaviest taxation, 189. Account of the
bank of Amsterdam, 194, 195. This re-
public derives even its subsistence from fo-
reign trade, 202, 203. Tax paid on houses
there, 356. Account of the tax upon suc-
cessions, 363. Stamp duties, 564. High
amount of the taxes in, 370, 384. Its pros.
perity depends on the republican form of
government, 385.

Honoraries, from pupils to teachers in colleges
tendency of, to quicken their diligence,

319.

Hsse, in the time of Edward IV., how made,
104.

Hospitality, ancient, the cause and effect of,
169, 385.

House, different acceptations of the term in
England, and some other countries, 49.
Houses considered as part of the nationa
stock, 113. Houses produce no revenue,
ib. The rent of, distinguished into two
parts, 354.
Operation of a tax upon house
rent, payable by the tenant, ib, House
rent, the best test of the tenant's circum-
stances, 355. Proper regulation of a tax
on, ib. How taxed in Holland, 356. Hearth
money, ib Window tax, 357.
Hudson's Bay company, the nature of their

establishment and trade, 312. Their pro-
fits not so high as has been reported, ib.
Hunters, war, how supported by a nation of,
289. Cannot be very numerous, 290. No
established administration of justice need-
ful among them, 297. Age the sole foun-
dation of rank and precedency among, ib.
No considerable inequality of fortune or
subordination to be found among them, 298.
No hereditary honours in such a society, ib.
Husbandmen, war, how supported by a nation
of, 290.

Husbandry. See Agriculture.

186. How far it may be proper to continue
the free importation of certain foreign goods.
189.

How far it may be proper to restore
the free importation of goods, after it has
been interrupted. ib. Of the materials of
manufacture, review of the legal encourage-
ments given to, 266.

Independents, the principles of that sect, ex-
plained, 332.

Indies. See East and West.

The

Indostan, the several classes of people there
kept distinct, 283. The natives of, how
prevented from undertaking long sea voy-
ages, ib.
Industry, the different kinds of, seldom dealt
impartially with by any nation, 1, 2.
species of frequently local, 8. Naturally
suited to the demand, 24. Is increased by
the liberal reward of labour, 34. How af-
fected by seasons of plenty and scarcity, ib.,
35. Is more advantageously exerted in
towns than in the country, 53. The aver-
age produce of, always suited to the average
consumption, 79. Is promoted by the cir-
culation of paper money, 119. Three re-
quisites to putting industry in motion, 120.
How the general character of nation's is esti
mated by, 137. And idleness, the proportion
between, how regulated, ib. Is employed for
subsistence before it extends to conveniencies
and luxury, 155. Whether the general in-
dustry of a society is promoted by commer-
cial restraints on importation, 183.
interest naturally points to that employment
most advantageous to the society, ib.
without intending or knowing it, 184. Legal
regulations of private industry dangerous
assumptions of power, 185. Domestic in-
dustry ought not to be employed on what
can be purchased cheaper from abroad, ib.
Of the society, can augment only in pro
portion as its capital augments, ib. When
it may be necessary to impose some burden
upon foreign industry to favour that at home,
187. The free exercise of industry ought
to be allowed to all, 191. The natural ef-
fort of every individual to better his condi
tion, will, if unrestrained, result in the pros-
perity of the society, 221.

Private

But

Insurance from fire and sea risks, the nature
and profits of examined, 45. The trade of
insurance may be successfully carried on by
a joint-stock company, 317, 318.
Interest, landed, monied, and trading, distin-
guished, 144.

Interest for the use of money, the foundation

of that allowance explained, 22, Historical
view of the alterations of, in England, and
other countries, 37. Remarks on the high
rates of, in Bengal, 39. And in China, 40.
May be raised by defective laws, indepen-
dent on the influence of wealth or poverty,
ib. The lowest ordinary rate of, must some.
what more than compensate occasional los-
ses, ib. The common relative proportion
between interest and mercantile profits in-
quired into, ib. Was not lowered, in con-
sequence of the discovery of the American

mines, 145. How the legal rate of, ought
to be fixed, 146. Consequences of its being
fixed too high or too low, ib., 147. The mar
ket rate of, regulates the price of land, ib
Whether a proper object of taxation, 357.
Ireland, why never likely to furnish cattle to
the prejudice of Great Britain, 186. The
proposed absentee tax there considered, 379.
Ought in justice to contribute towards the
discharge of the public debt of Great Britain,
402. Expediency of an union with Great
Britain, ib.

Isocrates, the handsome income he made by
teaching, 56.

Italy, the only great country in Europe which
has been cultivated and improved in every
part by means of its foreign commerce, 172.
Was originally colonized by the Dorians,

227.

Jurisdictions, territorial, did not originate in
the feudal law, 168.

Justice, the administration of, a duty of the sove
reign, 297. In early times a source of re
venue to him, 299. The making justice
subservient to the revenue a source of great
abuses, ib. Is never administered gratis,
300. The whole administration of, but an
inconsiderable part of the expense of govern-
ment, ib. How the whole expense of jus-
tice might be defrayed from the fees of
court, ib. The interference of the jurisdic
tions of the several English courts of law
accounted for, 301. Law language, how
corrupted, 302. The judicial and executive
power, why divided, ib. By whom the ex-
pense of administration of, ought to be
borne, 342.

K

Kalm, the Swedish traveller, his account of the
husbandry of the British colonies in North
America, 94.

Kelp, a rent demanded for the rocks on which
it grows, 61.

King, Mr. his account of the average price of
wheat, 83.

King, under feudal institutions, no more than
the greatest baron in the nation, 168. Was
unable to restrain the violence of his barons,
169. Treasure-trove an important branch
of revenue to, 385, 386. His situation, how
favourable for the accumulating treasure, ib.
In a commercial country, naturally spends
his revenue in luxuries, ib. Is hence driven
to call upon his subjects for extraordinar
aids, ib.

Kings and their ministers the greatest spend-
thrifts in a country, 142.

L

Labour, the fund which originally supplies
every nation with its annual consumption, 1.
How the proportion between labour and
consumption is regulated, ib. The differ-
ent kinds of industry seldom dealt impar
tially with by any nation, 2. The division
of labour considered, ib., 3. This division
increases the quantity of work, 4. Instances
in illustration, 5. From what principle the

division of labour originates, 6. The divi-
sibility of governed by the market, 8. La-
bour the real measure of the exchangeable
value of commodities, 12. Different kinds
of, not easily estimated by immediate com-
parison, 13. Is compared by the interme-
diate standard of money, ib. Is an invari-
able standard for the value of commodities,
14. Has a real and a nominal price, ib. The
quantity of labour employed on different
objects, the only rule for exchanging them
in the rude stages of society, 20. Difference
between the wages of labour and profits on
stock in manufactures, ib. The whole la-
bour of a country never exerted, 22. Is in
every instance suited to the demand, 24
The effect of extraordinary calls for, 25.
The deductions made from the produce of
labour employed upon land, 27. Why dear-
er in North America than in England, 29.
Is cheap in countries that are stationary, ib.
The demand for, would continually decrease,
in a declining country, 30. The province
of Bengal cited as an instance, ib. Is not
badly paid for in Great Britain, ib., 31. An
increasing demand for, favourable to popu-
lation, 33. That of freemen cheaper to the
employers than that of slaves, ib. The mo-
ney price of, how regulated, $6. Is liber-
ally rewarded in new colonies, 38. Com-
mon labour and skilful labour distinguished,
42. The free circulation of, from one em-
ployment to another, obstructed by corpo.
ration laws, 57. The unequal prices of, in
different places, probably owing to the law
of settlements, 59. Can always procure sub-
sistence on the spot, where it is purchased, 61.
The money price of, in different countries,
how governed, 80. Is set into motion by stock
employed for profit, 106. The division of,
depends on the accumulation of stock, 111.
Machines to facilitate labour advantageous
to society, 116. Productive and unproduc
tive distinguished, 135. Various orders of
men specified whose labour is unproductive,
136. Unproductive labourers all maintained
by revenue, ib. The price of, how raised
by the increase of the national capital, 145.
Its price, though nominally raised, may con-
tinue the same, 146. Is liberally rewarded
in new colonies, 231. Of artificers and
nanufacturers, never adds any value to the
whole amount of the rude produce of the
land, according to the French agricultural
system of political economy, 277.
doctrine shewn to be erroneous, 281. The
productive powers of labour, how to be im-
proved, ib.

This

Labourers, useful and productive, everywhere
proportioned to the capital stock on which
they are employed, 1, 2. Share the pro-
duce of their labour, in most cases, with the
owners of the stock on which they are em-
ployed, 20. Their wages a continued sub-
ject of contest between them and their mas-
ters, 28. Are seldom successful in their
outrageous combinations, ib. The suffi-
ciency of their earnings a point not easily |

determined, ib. Their wages sometimes
raised by increase of work, ib. Their de
mands limited by the funds destined for pay-
ment, 29. Are continually wanted in North
America, ib. Miserable condition of those
in China, ib., 30. Are not ill 'paid in Great
Britain, ib. 31. If able to maintain their
families in dear years, they must be at their
ease in plentiful seasons, ib. A proof fur-
nished in the complaints of their luxury, 33.
Why worse paid than artificers, 42. Their
interests, strictly connected with the inter-
ests of the society, 106. Labour the only
source of their revenue, 112. Effects of a
life of labour on the understandings of the
poor, 327.

21.

Land, the demand of rent for, how founded,
The rent paid enters into the greater
part of all commodities, ib. Generally pro-
duces more food than will maintain the la-
bour necessary to bring it to market, 61.
Good roads and navigable canals equalize
difference of situation, 62. That employed

in raising food for men and cattle regulates
the rent of all other cultivated land, 64, 67.
Can clothe and lodge more than it can feed
while uncultivated, and the contrary when
improved, 68. The culture of land produ-
cing food creates a demand for the produce
of other lands, 73. Produces by agricul
ture a much greater quantity of vegetable
than of animal food, 79. The full improve-
ment of, requires a stock of cattle to supply
manure, 93. Cause and effect of the dimi-
nution of cottagers, 95. Signs of the land
being completely improved, 96. The whole
annual produce, or the price of it, naturally
divides itself into rent, wages, and profit of
stock, 106. The usual price of, depends on
the common rate of interest for money, 147.
The profits of cultivation exaggerated by
projectors, 154. The cultivation of, na-
turally preferred to trade and manufactures,
on equal terms, 155. Artificers necessary
to the cultivation of, 156. Was all appro-
priated, though not cultivated, by the nor
thern destroyers of the Roman empire, 157.
Origin of the law of primogeniture under
the feudal government, ib. Entails, 158.
Obstacles to the improvement of land under
feudal proprietors, ib. Feudal tenures, 159,
160. Feudal taxation 161. The improve-
ment of land checked in France, by the
taille, ib. Occupiers of, labour under great
disadvantages, ib. Origin of long leases of,
169. Small proprietors the best improvers
of, 170. Small purchasers of, cannot hope
to raise fortunes by cultivation, ib., 171.
Tenures of, in the British American colo-
nies, 235. Is the most permanent source of
revenue, 345. The rent of a whole country
not equal to the ordinary levy upon the peo-
ple, ib. The revenue from, proportioned not
to the rent, but to the produce, 346. Res-
sons for selling the crown lands, ib. The
land tax of Great Britain considered, 548.
An improved land-tax suggested, 349. A
land-tax, however equally rated by a gene