the delighted Indians, embarked, descended the river, and put to sea.

don colonies.

991

40. "To suppose that Sir Walter Raleigh's efforts accomplished nothing, because he did not actually plant an abiding colony in North Carolina, would be unjust to him, as well as Albemarle sadly to violate the truth of history. His zeal and and Claren- enterprise prompted others to pursue the path in which, with so much loss, he had been the bold. pioneer." In 1663, Charles II. granted to Lord Clarendon and other English noblemen a vast territory south of Virginia. In honor of the Duke of Albemarle, one of the grantees, a settlement previously made on the Chowan river, by emigrants from Virginia, who would not obey the church rules prescribed in Virginia, was called the Albemarle County Colony. Another settlement, begun near Wilmington, by planters from Bar-ba'-does, was called the "Clarendon County Colony."

41. John Locke, the most eminent philosopher of his time, was engaged to draw up a charter and scheme of government The for the new province. It was to be, the proprietors Grand Model. thought, a populous empire. A constitution was accordingly proposed, which became known as the Grand Model;" but it was so poorly adapted to the wants of the settlers, that it never went into full effect, and was finally abandoned by the proprietors (1693.)

66

Division

42. In 1670, a third colony was planted in Carolina. It was on the western bank of the Ashley river; but, ten years after, was removed to a better location, at the junction of that stream with the Cooper river.

of the province.

1 The sufferings which they endured on the voyage, because of their want of food, were frightful; but a remnant of their number at length reached France. "One day, while at sea, they cast lots for the life of one of their number, who was sacrificed, and his flesh divided equally." -Fairbanks' History of Florida.

It will be noticed that Parkman says that thirty persons were left at Port Royal by Ribault. Other authors say twenty-six. Parkman, who is excellent authority, also spells the name cf the Huguenot Captain thus, Ribaut. Charles, in Latin, is Carolus-hence Carolina.

1732

Settlement of Georgia.

99

Thus the first settlement was made in South Carolina, and the foundation of Charleston was laid. About fifty years later Carolina became a royal province, the king, George II., having purchased the proprietors' rights. North Carolina and South Carolina then, as royal provinces, began their separate existence (1729).

Georgia.

Motives

for the settlement.

43. "Each year, in Great Britain, at least four thousand unhappy men," says Bancroft, "were put into prison for the misfortune of poverty. The subject won the attention of James Oglethorpe, a member of the British parliament; and to him, in the annals of legislative philanthropy, the honor is due of having first resolved to lighten the lot of debtors. Touched with the sorrows which the walls of a prison could not hide from him, he searched into the gloomy horrors of jails"; and was the means of "6 restoring to light and freedom multitudes who, by long confinement for debt, were strangers and helpless in the country of their birth. He did more. For them, as well as for others who were poor, distressed, or persecuted, "he planned a new destiny in America, where former poverty or misfortune would be no reproach."

Settlement

of

Savannah.

44. To him and to others, twenty-one in all, the king, George II., granted, for a term of twenty-one years, "in trust for the poor," as the charter stated, all the country between the Savannah and the Altamaha (al-ta-mahaw'). Oglethorpe embarked with more than a hundred emigrants; and, ascending a river, on a high bluff he laid the foundation of a town, which received the name of Savannah. The new province was called Georgia, in honor of the king (1733). "Next year the colony was joined by about a hundred German Protestants. The colonists received this addition to their numbers with joy. A place of residence was chosen for them which the devout and

The river and the hills, They applied themselves

thankful strangers named Ebenezer. they said, reminded them of home. with steady industry to the cultivation of indigo and silk, and they prospered."

Wesley and

Whitefield.

45. There came to Georgia "the two brothers, John and Charles Wesley. John, the founder of the sect of Methodists, was even then, although a very young man, a preacher of unusual promise. He burned to spread the Gospel among the settlers and their Indian neighbors. He spent two years in Georgia, but these were unsuccessful years. Then he returned to England to begin his great career, with the feeling that his residence in Georgia had been of much value to him, but of very little to the people whom he sought to benefit. Just as he reached England, his fellowlaborer, George Whitefield (wit'-feeld), sailed for Georgia. There were now (1737) little settlements spreading inland, and Whitefield visited these, bearing to them the word of life. He founded and maintained an orphan home in Savannah, visited all the provinces from Florida to the northern frontier, and made his grave in New England." His eloquence was wonderful; his voice powerful, rich, and sweet. Said Dr. Franklin: "When Whitefield was preaching in the open air, more than thirty thousand persons might hear him distinctly."

46. Emigrants continued to arrive, including Swiss and Scotch; but while the colony thus increased in numbers, the bright anticipations of plenty and comfort which had been Further indulged in, were not, for a long time, realized. history. This was owing in large part to the poverty and idle habits of the English settlers. Besides, the regulations of the trustees were not suited to the condition and needs of the people. Trouble, too, came from their neighbors on the South. The Spaniards, in Florida, looking upon the Savannah settlement as an encroachment upon their territory, hostilities ensued between the rival colonies; but Oglethorpe, who was a good general and a brave soldier, made a successful

defense. The trustees governed till 1752, when wearied with their charge, they gave up their charter, and Georgia became a royal province. Eleven years later all the lands between. the Altamaha and St. Mary's were annexed to Georgia by a royal proclamation. The western limit was the Pacific ocean.

European Wars that affected the Colonies.

1. During the colonial period, there were three wars in which England was engaged on the one side and France on the other, that disturbed the peace of the colonists and enlisted their aid in behalf of the "mother country," as England was affectionately called. In the first of these, known as King William's War, an expedition, fitted out by Massachusetts and commanded by Sir William Phipps, captured Port Royal, in Nova Scotia, and returned to Boston with a large amount of plunder; but at the close of the war the place was given back to the French (1689-1697). In the second contest, known as Queen Anne's War, Port Royal was again captured, when its name was changed to Annapolis, in honor of the queen, and Acadia was annexed to the British realm (1702-1713).

2. In the last contest, known as King George's War, the fortress of Louisburg, the "Gibraltar of America," was captured after a long siege, by New England troops and an English fleet; but the treaty of peace at the close of the war restored Louisburg to the French (1744-1748). In all these struggles, the French were aided by their Indian allies in Canada. The English had at times the assistance of the warlike Iroquois (é-ro-quah) or Five Nations. New York, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts, were the greater sufferers, they being nearer to Canada. Bodies of French and Indians made incursions from Canada, fell upon the defenseless villages, and murdered or carried into captivity the helpless inhabitants. Of the Iroquois Parkman says:

3. "Foremost in war, foremost in eloquence, foremost in their savage arts of policy, stood the fierce people called by the French the Iroquois. They occupied Central New York, but extended their conquests and their depredations The Iroquois. from Quebec to the Carolinas, and from the western prairies to the forests of Maine. They consisted of five tribes or nations-the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas (to which a sixth, the Tuscaroras, was added in 1715).

4. Both reason and tradition point to the conclusion that the Iroquois formed, originally one undivided people. Sundered, like countless other tribes, by dissensions, caprice, or the necessities of the hunter-life, they separated into five distinct nations. At length, says tradition, a celestial being, incarnate on earth, counseled them to compose their strife and unite in a league of defense and aggression. Another personage—wholly mortal, yet wonderfully endowed—a renowned warrior and a mighty magician, stands, with his hair of writhing snakes, grotesquely conspicuous through the dim light of tradition, at this birth of Iroquois nationality. This was At-o-tar-ho, a chief of the Onondagas ; and from this honored source has sprung a long line of chieftains, heirs not to the blood alone, but to the name of their great predecessor."

The French and Indian War.

5. The three wars just alluded to had their origin in European affairs. In 1753, however, a difficulty sprung up between the French and English colonists in America,

The respecting the boundaries beween their respective French claim. territories. The French entertained the project of possessing the whole of the vast region of the west, the valley of the Mississippi, to which La Salle had given the name of Louisiana. "Not a fountain bubbled on the west of the Alleghanies but was claimed as being within the French