(D) are laid flat on the ground to keep the runners from sinking into it. A ring (E) is bolted into the end of the drawer.

This arrangement is used in the same way as the smaller form described, and when the drawer is two-thirds or three-quarters full a horse is hitched to the ring by a single-tree, the drawer hauled out and its. contents buried. With either of these atrangements toilet paper, and not newspaper, must be used.

Wherever a special privy building is made use of by either of these methods, the sides of the building should go below the surface of the ground, the joints should all be tight, adequate windows should be provide for light and ventilation, the windows and the door should be screened and the building should be kept as clean as any room in the house.

To make doubly sure that the privy building shall be absolutely free from odor, a pipe about six inches in diameter should pass from just below the seat to a point a foot or more above the highest window of

the house. This pipe, which should be screened at the top to keep out flies, will carry all odors which may escape the earth treatment to a point sufficiently high to prevent their offending the nostrils.

Should the garden space not be sufficiently large to permit the burying of the contents of the pails or drawer, this material may be simply deposited in a pile in a dry place, each emptying being covered with a layer of earth or ashes. If rigidly carried out even this method will absolutely give rise to no danger or nuisance.

If a sufficient supply of dry garden earth is difficult to obtain wood or coal ashes or a mixture of earth and ashes may be used instead. Waring states (The Sanitary Drainage of Houses and Towns, p. 250, ed. 1881) that he used sifted anthracite coal ashes ten or twelve times over in the course of three years, and that during this period there was no time when the material gave the least evidence of being anything but ashes, with a slight admixture of garden soil.

The perfect success of this method depends, of course, upon the conscientiousness with which it is carried out and upon the use of a sufficient quantity of earth, which should be twice that of the excrement, but even when perfection is not obtained the results far surpass those of the disgusting midden or pit system which is still so largely in use.

To arbitrarily enforce the installation of such arrangements as these is almost impossible. The people must be taught to see these matters in the light of modern sanitary knowledge, and they will then be glad to co-operate with us in any manner to secure more hygienic conditions. It is the business, not only of the local health officers, but of every physician to spread such knowledge as this among his patients, and I believe that if people can be brought to understand these matters and follow out the foregoing suggestions, the stigma which now rests upon the privy can be removed and our smaller towns made sweeter and more habitable in warm weather.

AN APPEAL.

THE ANTI-TUBERCULOSIS WAR AND THE RED CROSS CHRISTMAS STAMP.

BY S. ADOLPHUS KNOPF, M.D.,

Professor of Phthisio-therapy at the New York Post-
Graduate Medical School and Hospital.

LAST fall it was my privilege to address the two Red Cross branches-one in Brooklyn and one in New York-pieading with them to help in the anti-tuberculosis war through the aid of a Red Cross Christmas stamp. I published the two addresses in the form of an article in the New York Medical Journal of November 28, 1908. I know that hundreds of others, nay even thousands, have also pleaded, and perhaps more eloquently and more successfully than I; but this shall not prevent me from plead ing again for this holy cause, particularly since I have been honored by the officers of the American National Red Cross with an invitation to do so.

The history of the Red Cross is known to most people. It owes its origin to the feeling of sympathy awakened throughout Europe by the sufferings occasioned by the Crimean war. The object of the Red Cross Society is in the main to mitigate the evils inseparable from war. All of the civilized nations of the world have branches of this truly international association. Founded in Geneva in 1863, it is now not quite fifty years old, but what a glorious work it has done! Throughout the many bloody wars of the last half century the Red Cross servants were truly the administering angels who lessened suffering and saved countless lives. And not only in wars, but also in other disasters such as floods, earthquakes, mining and railroading accidents, fires and pestilence, a great army of Red Cross soldiers are always present to ameliorate conditions, dress the wounded, nurse the sick, feed the hungry and improve sanitation so as to limit the fatalities as much as may be possible. The heroism of the Red Cross workers, both men and women, has never been surpassed by the gallantry of the bravest soldiers.

Now, this great association has undertaken to fight the most formidable enemy of mankind; one which unfortunately cannot be met openly in battle; one which, by its insidiousness and because it is unseen and unrecognized by the naked eye, is al the more dangerous and difficult to combat. There are probably at this moment 500,000 people in the United States suffering from tuberculosis in one form or another, and 1,000,000 school children who are probably destined to die of tuberculosis before they reach the age of eighteen, and yet modern. medical science has demonstrated beyond a shadow of a doubt that tuberculosis is a preventable and curable disease.

Its prevention depends upon bettering the hygiene of the masses and improving their living conditions, on the early recognition of the disease, and on the suppression of all centers of infection arising from advanced cases. This is to be accomplished not with cruel isolation or treating the unfortunate consumptive as an outcast, but by removing the consumptive poor to spe cial hospitals where they will be kindly treated and the utmost care exercised to improve their condition and at the same time minimize the danger of infecting others. The home of the conscientious well-to-do consumptive, in the advanced stages, can be arranged so that there is really no danger of contagion.

The cure of the tuberculous depends upon the early recognition of the disease and the timely treatment in well arranged sanitary homes or in special institutions, sanatoria, hospitals, or camps, and there is urgent need for such institutions in nearly every State of the Union. Of course, for the tuberculous children we must have many open-air schools and children's sanatoria; and for the tuberculous adult, cured or sufficiently improved to do some work, we must have agricultural or horticultural colonies or other means to give him outdoor occupation.

Unfortunately, tuberculosis is a disease which is most prevalent among the poor, and after what has been said I need not ex

plain any further that in order to prevent and cure tuberculosis in our own beloved country, we need a great deal of money. All the skill of the physician and the devotion of the nurse is of no avail when the tuberculous patient lacks the means to buy good food, cannot afford to live in a sanitary home, have proper clothing, or rest when rest is his only sa!vation. The patient's anxiety for those depending upon him must also be removed. The wife or children, the aged mother, the aged father or mother deprived of their supporter must be cared for. Tranquillity of mind is as essential to the cure of tuberculosis as all other factors. To do all this, I say again we need money, much money. Fortunately, this country is rich and it does not lack in philanthropy and brotherly love, and I know that this appeal which is now going out from the Red Cross will not be in vain. It will give opportunity to the humblest of the humble, to the richest among the rich, to help in this great, good and holy cause of saving lives, making tuberculous children into strong and healthy citizens, the curable consumptives into breadwinners for their families, and rendering the hopelessly ill consumptive comfortable and happy as far as it is in human power to do.

The whole nation will reap the benefit of a successful war against tuberculosis and this benefit will not only be sanitary and moral but even financial, for every restored breadwinner and healthy citizen is an addition to the wealth of the nation.

But let us put aside for a moment the financial aspect. Christmas-tide is not a season when we calculate on returns for what we give. We find pleasure and delight in giving, in making others happy,

and surely here is a splendid opportunity to do this. Let each one buy as many stamps as he can; tell the little children that every penny they can spare for stamps will help to save a little child's life, and although they may not see the little sufferer and receive direct thanks, they as well as the adults can rest assured that their gifts will be appreciated and the unknown donor remembered in the grateful prayers of some tuberculous invalid.

The 1909 Red Cross Christmas stamp is not good for postage. It will not carry any kind of mail but any kind of mail will carry it. The use of the beautiful Red Cross stamp carrying Christmas and New Year's greetings, gives an excellent opportunity to everyone to help the anti-tuberculosis cause according to his means. according to his means. The layman will thus be the co-worker of the physician, a true brother and helper. He who makes his Christmas offering by the purchase of as many of these stamps as he can afford to buy will surely feel the season's joy all the more, knowing that through his participation in this work somewhere some consumptive sufferer has been helped, some dark home made brighter, some little child saved.

DR. WILLIAM J. ROBINSON, editor of the Critic and Guide, The American Journal of Urology and Therapeutic Medicine, has purchased the Chicago Clinic, which has had an uninterrupted existence for twenty-three years (though known during the past year under the title of Practical Therapeutics), and has consolidated it with Therapeutic Medicine. The consolidated journal will be published monthly, and it is believed that under the active editorship of Dr. William J. Robinson it will become one of the strongest and most important publications in America.

The publication office is located at 12 Mt. Morris Park W., New York.

Book Reviews.

PRIMER OF SANITATION; Being a Simple Work on Disease Germs and How to Fight Them. By John W. Ritchie, Professor of Biology, College of William and Mary, Virginia. Illustrated by Karl Hassmann. vi+200 pp. Yonkers-on-Hudson, N. Y., World Book Company, 1909. List price, 50 cents; mailing price, 60 cents.

Instruction in the methods and possibilities of preventive medicine and in the principles of public sanitation is not carried out in our public schools as systematically as it should and no doubt will be before very long. A book such as that of Professor Ritchie is likely to help materially in bringing about an improvement in this direction. Consistently with its purpose as an elementary textbook, it explains in a simple manner, and in a form that is sure to appeal to both teacher and pupil, the more important facts in regard to germ diseases and their prevention by individual as well as governmental effort. The better known disease-producing bacteria, their mode of propagation and invasion, and the means of preventing their spread are described, due attention being given to tuberculosis, pneumonia, diphtheria, typhoid fever and other infectious diseases of common occurrence. The chapters dealing with the protozoa and other parasites are no less instructive, and the same may be said of the description of the insects that play an important part in the transmission of disease.

GIRL AND WOMAN. A Book for Mothers and Daughters. By Caroline Wormeley Latimer, M.D., M.A., formerly Instructor in Biology Woman's Medical College, of Baltimore. With an Introduction by Howard A. Kelly, M.D., Professor of Gynecological Surgery, Johns Hopkins University. Octavo. xviii+331 pp. New York and London: D. Appleton & Company, 1910. Price, $2.00 net.

This interesting volume is the outcome of Dr. Latimer's belief that the necessities of girls during adolescence (between the ages of twelve and twenty) have been too little regarded heretofore, and that the physical and mental instability of girlhood-so easily influenced to the detriment, often lasting, of body and mind-make it a period calling for incessant care and attention. It presents in simple, coherent and very readable form the gist of the vast mass of literature which has in recent years been published on this subject

chiefly in psychological and pedagogical periodicals, but which is inaccessible and, for the most part, unintelligible to the general reader. It is evident that the writer has brought to her task a sympathetic understanding of her sex and sound medical and psychological information. The scope of the book embraces the physical, mental and moral disturbances of girlhood, reproduction, menstruation, bodily functions, personal hygiene, life during and after schooldays, and minor ailments. We warmly recommend the book to every one interested in these questions, and especially to parents, guardians and teachers.

THE AMERICAN ILLUSTRATED MEDICAL DICTIONARY. A New and Complete Dictionary of Terms Used in Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Chemistry, Nursing, and Kindred Branches; with New and Elaborate Tables and Many Illustrations. Fifth Revised Edition. By W. A. Newman Dorland, M.D. Octavo. 876 pp., with 2,000 new terms. Philadelphia and London: W. B. Saunders Company, 1909. Flexible leather, $4.50 net; indexed, $5.00 net. The appearance of five editions of Dorland's Medical Dictionary within a relatively short time is ample proof that it meets the demand of the profession for a moderate-sized volume which contains more than the abridged student's dictionary and is less unwieldy than a medical encyclopedia. The insertion of numerous and instructive illustrations, most of them in colors, and the descriptive matter given under the more important headings, make it something more than a mere defining dictionary. The book has been brought up to date by complete revision and enlarged by the addition of over 2,000 new terms; many of the definitions have been rewritten and improved. By the use of a large page with compact but clear typography it has been made possible to include a large amount of matter in a volume of convenient size.

THE PHYSICIAN'S VISITING LIST FOR 1910. Flexible leather with flap, pocket and pencil. Philadelphia: P. Blakiston's Sons & Company. Price, $1,00 net.

This long and favorably known Visiting List, now in the fifty-ninth year of its publication, contains, besides the blank leaves for 25 patients per week, a number of pages of useful matter for the practitioner, including a full Dose Table giving the doses in both the English and metric systems to correspond with the U. S. Pharmacopoeia.

ON

FOR most of us, the interest that attaches to the biographies of great men lies not so much in the recital of their achievements as in the account they give of their vie intime, their purely human side, as it were, which brings them nearer to us. This trend of thought has been suggested to the writer by a study of the life and labors of William Harvey, the discoverer of the circulation of the blood, with whose epoch-making researches our medical readers are more or less familiar. The memoirs and biographies of several, chiefly contemporary, authorities will enable us to get at least a summary view of Harvey's life as practitioner.

William Harvey was born April 2, 1578, at Folkestone, in Kent, as the eldest of seven children. At the age of ten he was sent to the grammar school of Canterbury, and at fifteen he went to Cambridge, where he became a pensioner of Gonville and Caius College in May, 1593. The situation of a pensioner was, according to his biographer Dr. Laurence, one in which the student was not supported on the foundation, but paid his own expenses, the word being used in a sense directly opposite to that ordinarily accepted. He studied at the university for six years, after which he travelled in France and Germany and then fixed himself at Padua, celebrated for its university and particularly its medical faculty. Here he had the advantage of studying under Fabricius ab Aquapendente, who taught anatomy, and from whom he learned of the existence of the valves in the veins. The chair of medicine was filled at that time

by Minadous and that of surgery by Casserius. He obtained his degree of Doctor of Medicine in this university on April 25, 1602, and then returned to England. After graduating a second time at Cambridge, he commenced the practice of his profession in London. In 1604, the year of his marriage to the daughter of Dr. Lancelot Browne, he was admitted as a candidate of the London College, and in 1607 elected a fellow. He was also appointed one of the physicians to St. Bartholomew's Hospital, and in 1615 was chosen lecturer on anatomy and surgery in the College. It was here that, in 1616, he first developed his discovery of the circulation of the blood, of which no printed account appeared, however, until 1628.

Harvey was fifty years of age when he published the work-in a small quarto volume of seventy-two pages entitled: Exercitatio anatomica de motu cordis et sanguinis in animalibus; it was issued in Frankfort and dedicated to Charles I. This monarch took great interest in his anatomical and physiological researches and was often present at his experiments. He appointed him his physician in 1632. The following year Harvey accompanied Charles to Scotland, and while there visited Bass Rock, a small island in the Firth of Forth, of which he has given an interesting description in his eleventh dissertation on the "Generation of Animals."

In 1635, at the instance of the king, Harvey made a dissection of the body of Thomas Parr, who had gained a wide repu