the filters, and the time that must elapse before the new works could supply water to relieve the immediate and pressing needs of the city. The Common Council favored Bissell's Point as a site for new works, contending that water taken from the main channel of the river at this point was equally as pure as that taken at the Chain of Rocks. This contention was supported by information obtained from many citizens, among whom were Henry Flad and Captain James B. Eads.

Mr. Kirkwood had designed this plant to meet the needs of the city for thirty years when he estimated that the city would have a population of 640,000, and the average daily consumption would be 381⁄2 million gallons, or about 60 gallons per capita. The actual population was 575,238, and the average consumption, 601⁄2 million gallons per day, about 105 gallons per capita. On the basis of the actual consumption, the capacity of Mr. Kirkwood's plant would have been reached in 1882.

Mr. Kirkwood was instructed to prepare plans for the works at Bissell's Point for settling basins, but without filters. He designed a plant to supply 20 million gallons, which he estimated would meet the consumption until 1880, before which time he thought "the whole process (i.e., settling or filtering, or both) and the best means of resolving it, could well be understood." His design was such that new basins could be added or filters built, if desired.

These works, as well as Compton Hill Reservoir, were built, but by September, 1875, the average daily consumption had mounted to more than 22 million gallons, and the Chief Engineer, Thomas J. Whitman, said more settling capacity was badly needed, but for many years afterwards the daily water supply of the city passed through these basins with little or no opportunity for settlement.

In spite of the addition of new pumps and other improvements to increase the capacity of the Bissell's Point works, the situation became more and more acute so that on January 27, 1884, Compton Hill reservoir was empty and large areas of the city were entirely without water.

The Board of Public Improvements, in 1885, recommended the building of new works at the Chain of Rocks, contemplating the initial expenditure of $3,000,000 to provide a capacity of 50 million gallons per day, followed later by additions costing $2,000,000 more, which would bring the ultimate daily capacity to 100 million gallons. Work at the Chain of Rocks was commenced in 1888, following in general the plans proposed by the Board in 1885.

The work was, completed, together with a pumping station at Baden, in 1905, and nothing was done thereafter to increase the capacity of the works until 1911, though the increasing difficulty of maintaining pressures throughout the city should have been sufficient warning that the capacity of the works was being rapidly approached.

During the first half of 1912, the city passed through a startling experience and came nearer suffering a water famine than at any time since 1884. Large accumulations of slush ice blocked the intake tunnel and pumps at the Chain of Rocks.

A report giving in some detail the existing conditions, the necessity of immediate and future extensions, the probable consumption of water each year until 1960, and plans and estimates of cost for new works were submitted to the Board of Public Improvements in Novem

ber, 1912, and later approved by the Board. In this report it was estimated that the capacity of the extended works would be reached in 1926, and later experience has since served to check these estimates very closely.

The present condition is that with the addition of one more 20 million gallon pump at Bissell's Point, the water works will be able to meet the probable demand until the average daily consumption reaches 120 million gallons, though it must be remembered that calculations are built on averages, and it is possible that conditions may arise which may tax the capacity of the present works even earlier than in 1926. The city is confronted, therefore, with the necessity of taking immediate steps looking toward material increase in its water works capacity. The only two points which should be given serious consideration are the Chain of Rocks and a point on the Missouri River. Careful estimates made in 1914 show that the cost of a plant at the Chain of Rocks would be greater than a plant of equal capacity on the Missouri River, and that a duplication of the existing works at the Chain of Rocks would result in no decrease in existing operating expenses as compared with an independent plant west of the city; also the growth of the city seems to be toward the west, away from the Chain of Rocks, and in the direction of the Missouri River location. The southern part of the city, where most trouble from low pressure exists, as well as the greater part of St. Louis County, can be supplied much more readily from the Missouri River than from the Chain of Rocks. Other conditions working to the detriment of the Chain of Rocks location are the danger of interference with the supply of water because of obstructions blocking the intake tunnel, the distance of the intake from the shore adding to the difficulties of operation costs, and its inaccessibility at times when most skill and attention is needed.

The site selected for the new works on the Missouri River is at Howard's Bend, about 8 miles above St. Charles. The spot chosen for the new water works was decided upon after a thorough examination and survey of a stretch of about ten miles of the Missouri River above St. Charles. Comparisons made with former surveys show that the south shore line of Howard's Bend has not materially changed during the last forty years, so that it should not be a difficult undertaking to force and confine the main channel to this old line.

The proposed intake is located on the south bank of the river, on the convex side of a long curve where the river swings around from flowing due east to a northeasterly direction, thus taking advantage of the natural tendency of the current to hug the shore at this point. By judicious arrangements of dikes the river itself can be made to scour out and maintain deep water there.

Instead of having an intake tower in the channel, as at the Chain of Rocks, plans have been prepared for a shore intake with gates below extreme low water. This intake, resting on piles, will have an interior area 18 feet by 103 feet. Its construction will require excavation far below the bed of the river and it is proposed to use the style of cofferdam employed in the construction of the 1000-foot pier at the foot of West 46th Street, New York. This style of dam is built by driving a double row of steel sheet piling, the area between the rows being divided into segments by cross lines of piling, doing away with the necessity of cross bracing, which would seriously interfere with driving

the foundation piling for the intake. After the intake is built, the steel sheet piling will be pulled up and cut into suitable lengths, to be used for curtain walls in the construction of the coagulation and settling basins. The lower rectangular ports in the intake will, on the outside, have their largest dimension horizontal, which will give a greater capacity at low stages of the river and make it possible to have the tops of the openings at a greater depth below the surface when the river is full of ice.

The advantages of a shore intake are obvious. Operation and manipulation of the gates is convenient to the engine house; there is no long tunnel, and any trouble with ice clogging the ports can be dealt with instantly. Fenders to keep the ice from the ports may be readily devised and anchored to the river bank. Another important item is that of cost, which will be much less than that of tunnel and tower, and so far as can be seen, it will be no harder to keep the main current of the river against the south bank than it would be to keep the channel, at a tower in mid-stream.

In locating the various structures which make up the new water works, all of the experience accumulated during the years of the existence of the Chain of Rocks plant has been utilized to make the operation of the new plant as free from inconvenience in its workings and from interference among its component parts as can be devised.

From the works there will first be laid a steel supply main, 72 inches in diameter, along a line running eastwardly and south of the Olive Street Road to a reservoir which will be built on a tract of ground lying between the Link Road and Bonhomme Road, and fronting on the south line of the Olive Street Road.

A second supply main of the same size and paralleling the first one will have to be laid about 1940. These mains will be laid on a right-of-way, 150 feet wide, connecting the river property with the reservoir site. This reservoir property was at one time known as the Stacy Farm, and it is very likely the reservoir will be called the Stacy Park Reservoir. The lot contains about 52 acres and stands at the highest elevation of any considerable piece of land in St. Louis County. Its highest point is more than 700 feet above mean sea level. The property was purchased by the City in 1920 and will readily allow of the construction of a reservoir of 200 million gallons capacity, from which water flowing through large steel service mains will reach the city limits at pressures at least equal to those in the distribution main at the present time. The present distribution system will be connected to these steel service mains by diverging pipe lines of large diameter, running eastwardly and connecting with the present pump mains, which generally run north and south.

The effect of introducing a supplemental supply into the system will be to stop the flow of water southwardly from the present pump-. ing stations beyond a certain fluctuating line where the pressure from the pumps and that from the reservoir equal each other. South of this irregular line the city will be supplied with water from the Missouri River plant, and north of it from the Chain of Rocks.

It is estimated that in 1926, about 30 million gallons of water will be supplied by the new plant, which will be delivered at the city limits at some point south of Forest Park, not yet determined. other large steel service main will deliver water at the

Later on an

city limits in

the neighborhood of Olive Street Road. From these steel mains the territory outside of the city limits will be supplied sooner or later. In fact, the building of the water works on the Missouri River means that eventually all of St. Louis County will be served with water from this plant. A third large service main, and possibly a fourth, will have to be laid from the reservoir to the city, before the full capacity of the completed works is available for the use of the city and county.

The works will be built to supply less than one-half of the ultimate capacity of the plant, in order to keep the initial investment as low as possible during the years that the average daily consumption grows from 120 million to 180 million gallons. The intake and all buildings will be built to the full size in the beginning, while only a part of the basins, filters, grit and mixing chambers, and the machinery and equipment, will be installed as the demand for water increases.

The estimated cost of the initial construction of the Missouri River plant approximates 12 million dollars, itemized as follows:

About 1940, the work of completing the Missouri River plant should be started. This will require the further expenditure of about ten million dollars, making the total cost at least twenty-two million dollars. The present works will be continued in operation at their maximum daily capacity, the new plant beginning to supplement the supply after 1926, at first with an average daily output of 30 million gallons, which will gradually increase until by 1924 it will be supplying 80 or 90 million gallons. By 1960, its full capacity will be reached, at which time it is estimated that the population supplied will be almost 1,500,000, using an average daily quantity of 240 millon gallons of water.

Negotations are now under way for the purchase of land on the Missouri River, and ordinances appropriating money for this purchase and also for the construction of the first dikes at Howard's Bend will soon be submitted to the Board of Aldermen. The Board will also be asked to pass an ordinance authorizing an election, at which a vote will be taken on the issuance of twelve million dollars of water works bonds. This election, if it can be legally held then, will take place on the same date as the primary election in August, 1922.

The issuance of these bonds will not affect the tax rate, as the annual interest and sinking fund required will be paid out of water works revenues.

FRANK N. JEWETT

Frank N. Jewett was born June 11, 1870, in Tioga County, N. Y. He graduated from Cornell University with the Mechanical Engineering class of 1893.

Following his graduation, Mr. Jewett did engineering and sales work with the Payne Engine Co., of Elmira, N. Y., from 1893 to 1897. From 1897 to 1906, he was manager of the Chicago sales office of

Evans, Almirall & Co. During this period he engineered several large heating projects which attracted considerable attention.

About 1906, he took over the Chicago office of the Wagner Electric Mfg. Co., and quickly demonstrated his ability to handle electrical engineering problems as well as mechanical.

In 1909, he became sales manager for the Wagner Electric Mfg. Co., which position he held until 1913, when his health failed him. He died at his home in Cabanne Avenue, St. Louis, January 4, 1922.

Mr. Jewett's membership in various engineering organizations demonstrates the wide scope of his engineering work. He was a member of the Engineers' Club of St. Louis, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, the American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers, and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers. He was also a member of several St. Louis and Chicago social clubs. He joined the Engineers' Club in 1911, and all St. Louis engineers who were active during his connection with local affairs will remember him as an enthusiastic, unselfish and tireless worker.

OF LOCAL INTEREST.

Mr. Walter E. Bryan, President of the Engineers' Club, announces the following appointments as chairmen of standing committees for 1922: Membership, Geo. W. Pieksen; Entertainment, Ralf Toensfeldt; House and Library, L. B. Vella; Publication, Wm. E. Rolfe; Procedure, O. F. Harting; Efficiency Board, E. H. Tenney. Chairmen of the committees on Roads and Public Affairs will be announced shortly. The Club is represented on the Joint Program Committee by Jas. D. Robertson, the chairman.

The "Mechanicals" report the following recent additions to their local membership: Clement R. D. Meier, Pres. & Treas., Heine Safety Boiler Co.; Ralph W. Stockwell, of Stockwell & Stockwell, Industrial Power Engineers; Melvin J. Murphy, Automobile Club of St. Louis.

Mr. Dexter S. Kimball, President of the A. S. M. E., will visit the St. Louis Section about the middle of May. Mr. Kimball is Dean of the College of Engineering of Cornell University and Vice-President of the F. A. E. S.

Prof. E. L. Ohle, Chairman, and Messrs. Victor Azbe and E. J. Boehmer have been named by Mr. James N. McKelvey, Director of Public Safety, as an Advisory Board, under authority of ordinance 29,909, to co-operate in the abatement of the smoke nuisance. The board will act as advisors to the Committee on Smoke Regulation and the Chief Inspector of Boilers, on the engineering questions involved.

The personnel of the board was determined after Mr. McKelvey's selection of Prof. Ohle as chairman, by reference to the St. Louis Section of the A. S. M. E. This puts the matter up to the engineers, where it belongs.

Details of operation are not yet determined, but the general plan is for the board to co-operate with the Associated Societies and to act as an exchange for transmitting information between engineers and plant. owners. The board wishes to convince plant owners that smoke prevention goes hand in hand with fuel economy. As a first step in an