Iron and Steel in Ancient Times

alloy ancient annealing bloom bloomery bog iron bronze Buchwald carbon Celtic century charcoal cm long coldwork composition copper corrosion Danish Denmark display Dokkfløyvann edge elephant's foot excavated fayalite fayalite laths ferrite ferrite-pearlite forged furnace wall g fragment g nail g production glass grains grave Halland hardness hercynite heterogeneous ibid Illerup iron bars iron objects iron production Jämtland Jutland K20 MgO TiO2 knife lancehead leucite manganese martensite matrix metal MgO TiO2 SO3 MnO P2O5 CaO Museum Norway Norwegian Nydam Oppland oxide P2O5 CaO Al2O3 pearlitic pearlitic-ferritic Phosphorferrite phosphorus phosphorus-rich Pre-Roman Iron Age production slag purification slag Roman Roman Iron Age Scale bar 0.1 SEM-EDAX analyses shaft Side length SiO2 FeO MnO slag inclusions Småland Snorup SO3 Sum F sogn steel bars structure Sweden sword Table tapslag tion Tvååker Valdres Viking Age Widmanstätten wrought iron wüstite wüstite dendrites zones