834

743 cd; analogy with Taxation, 256 ab,
575 bc.--Railways, recent developments, 742
a-745 a.-Railways, Standard revenue, 743
abc.-Railways, State, and private Assoc.,
252 d, 253 a, 740 a-741 b, 742 a-743 d,
744 ab; arguments for and against State owner-
ship, 740 bcd, 741 b; Australia compd. with
Prussia, 253 d; the War and, 742 a.--Rail-
ways, Government or State Railway Company
policy, 742 abc.-Tariff on Railways, Eng.,
control of, 253 d, 254 a, 742 cd, 743 ab, 744d;
Private and State railways, 254 cd.--Form:
Mileage, 255 b, 574 d; Postal principle, 255 a;
Sliding scale, 255 b; Zone, 255 a.-Rail-
ways, U.S.A., 739 d, 740 a, 741 ab, 742 ac,
743 bd, 744 bd; electrification, 744 b; Inde-
pendent, 253 b; and Interstate Commerce
Law, 152 bc, 254 b, 575 d; Interstate Com-
merce Commission, powers of, 742 cd; State
control of, and Populist movement, 169 d,
170 a; opposition to Government ownership,
740 c, 741 ab, 742 a; Regional Shippers'
Advisory Boards, 744 d.

RALEGH, Sir W.: on Census, 260 b; Colonies,
259 d; Dutch trade, 260 a; Monopolies,
260 b.

RAMSAY, Sir_G.: on Distr., 260 be; Profit,
260 cd; Rent, 260 d; national Revenue,
260 d.

Building and mining land, 284 be; and Cost
of prodn., 284 cd; and law of Dimin.
returns, 283 bcd; rel. to Distr., 288 d;
effect of Fertility, 288 b; effect of Improve-
ments, 288 b; and Intensive cultivation,
283 d; Rent, Labour, medvl., 287 a, 625 bc;
of Land, A. SMITH on, 287 bcd, 413 d, 414 a;
T. R. MALTHUS on, 145 c, 715 c; S. NEW-
COMB a Ricardian, 699 b; S. N. PATTEN on,
715 bc, 716 a; A. L. PERRY on, 720 c; effects
on Price, monopoly-rent, 284 d-285 b; theory
of, and Produit net, 222 b; D. RICARDO'S
doctr. of, 145 cd, 276 d, 278 d, 279 a, 282
d-283 b, 288 a, 307 cd, 699 b, 715 bc, 716 a;
J. ROOKE on doctrine of, 746 a; regarded as a
Tax, 288 c; T. P. THOMPSON on, 535 d; J. H.
von THUNEN on, of situation, 540 d; R.
TORRENS on law of, 789 d; of Tool, T. COOPER
on, 549 d, 550 a.— Rent of Ability, classed
under Profit, 285 d; W. N. SENIOR On, 285 c.

-Rent-Charge, Legal view, 286 b; Medvl.,
and doctr. of usury, 286 cd; Tithe, 1898-
1918, 787 b-788 d.--Consumer's Rent, and
Producers', or Producers' Surplus, 213 ab,
284 b, 489 b, 496 a.-Rent, Taxation on,
A. SMITH on, 287 cd, 420 a.
Residual and waste products: C. BABBAGE
on, 292 b; J. E. CAIRNES on, 291 d; J. S.
MILL on, 291 d, 292 a.

:

Rates Act of 1601 and mod. syst., 263 b-
264 a; Hist., before 1601, 262 cd; Incidence,
263 ab; Rate in aid, 264 b; dist. fr. Taxes,
262 6; Tithes and, 788 abc.--Rating and
Valuation Act 1925, 725 c.

RAU, H., follower of A. SMITH: 264 d.
RAVENSTONE, P.: right to work of one's own
hands, 745 a.

RAYNAL, G. T. F., on Eur. settlements in the
Indies 265 cd.

READ, S. on National debt, 266 a; P.E.,
266b; Property, 266 c; Taxation, 266 d;
Value, 266 c.

Reciprocity: theory of International Trade,
267 d, 268 ac; Colonel R. TORRENS on, 268 a,
550 c; Treaties, 1815-1826, 267 cd; U.S.A.,
268 b-269 a.

Referendum: Def., 273 d; Eng., 274 c; Origin,
274 a; Switz., 274 ab; U.S.A., 274 a.
Registration: Land, 681 d; Land, titles to,
354 a, 550 d, 551 a; Limited Partnerships
Act 1907, 713 c, 782 cd; Style or Trade
Name, 483 a, 713 c, 782 cd; Trade Mark, 562
d, 563 a; of Trade Unions, desirable, 564 a.
Relativity: W. BAGEHOT'S application of, 135
cd, 277 cd; illustr. by works of Classical Sch.,
279 b; appl. to econ. Definitions, 279 cd;
of econ. Doctr., in concrete stage, 278 bc;
principle of, and Historical Meth., 276 d;
R. JONES on, appl. to D. RICARDO's doctr. of
rent, 276 d; K. KNIES on, 277 bc; F. LIST'S
theory of Protn., 277 a; of econ. Precepts,
277 d, 278 a; W. ROSCHER's theory, 277 bd,
325 b; Span. Sch. on, 452 a; Sir J. STEUART
on, 475 c; Universality of econ. doctr. in
abstract stage, 278 d, 279 a.

Rent: J. ANDERSON'S theory, 145 c, 288 a ;

cd; and Bottomry, loan on, 293 d; Hist.
of, 294 ab.

RESSI, A., on Culture, large and small : 295 ¿;
Population, 295 a.

Retaliation: Effects, 300 b; H. FAWCETT on,
300 a; in Foreign Trade, 299 c-300 c, 786 bed;
Hist. of, 19th centy., 299 c; D. RICARDO on,
300 a; Colonel R. TORRENS on, 299 d.
Revolution, French: Confiscatory measures,
302 a. Revolution, Fr., Curr. experi-
ments, Assignat, 303 cd; Disorgn. and dis-
tress, 304 ab.-Revolution, Fr., attempts
at Reconstruction, provision of Employment,
302 d; Industry, 303 c; distr. of Land,
303 ab; maximum Price, 302 bc.--Revolu-
tion, Fr., preceding Social conditions, move-
ment of Economistes, 301 cd; Feudalism
and centralisation, 301 bc.

RICARDO, D.: crit. of Bank of Eng., 308 d; rel.
to J. BENTHAM, 305 a; on Curr., 308 c;
Deductive Meth., 305 a; Defects of work,
and infl. of those defects, 305 d, 306 a, 309 bc;
R. JONES' crit. of, 276 d; on Labour required,
307 c, 377 d; J. R. M'CULLOCH on, 305 6;
infl. on James MILL, 305 a; S. N. PATTEN'S
crit. of, 715 bcd; Position in development of
econ., 306 bc, 309 a; on agricultural Protn.,
308 d; on Reserve of bank, 291 a; on Re-
taliation, 300 a; on Stationary state, 466
d; on Taxation, 129 d, 308 a; R. TORRENS
anticipates, 789 d, 790 a.-D. RICARDO on
bullion, high Price of, 308 bc.- -D. RICARDO,
theory of Rent, 278 d, 279 a, 282 d-283 b, 288
a, 307 cd; R. JONES' application of principle
of relativity, 276d; S. NEWCOMв and, 699b;
S. N. PATTEN on, 715 bc, 716 a; and P.E.
and ethics, 145 cd.--D. RICARDO on Value,
in Use and exchange, 306 d-307 b.

RICCA-SALERNO, G.: 735 b, 745 ab.

RICCI, L. on Charity, 310 a; Population,

310 b.

Ring in U.S.A., objects: 313 bc.

Risk Insurance against, 314 b; as element of
Profit, J. S. MILL on, 224 cd, 314 bc.
RITCHIE, D. G.: Socialism and individualism,
745 cd; State interference, 745 cd; utili-
tarianism, 745 c.

ROBERTS, L., on Commerce: 315 ab.
RODBERTUS, K. J.: on Development of society,
317 a; Hours of Labour, 317 c; "Iron
law" of wages, 318 a; on Labour curr., 317
d; conn. with F. LASSALLE, 318 a; infl. on
H. K. MARX, 318b; and scientific Socialism,
316 d, 433 b; A. WAGNER a follower of, 804 a.
ROEDERER, P. L., Comte, link between Physio-
crats and A. SMITH: 318 d.

ROESLER, K. F. H., crit. of Classical Sch.:
319 a.

ROGERS, J. E. T.: on Econ. Hist., 11 b, 319 d,
397 d; Wages, purchasing power of, 641 d,
642 a.

ROMAGNOSI, G. D.: on Competition, 321 c;
Historical Meth., 321 b; Sociology, 321 a;
State interference, 321 c.

Roman Law of Contract, 66 c; in Eng.,
323 c; Inher., 668 d; Interpretatio and
fiducia, 322 ab; Jus gentium, 322 bcd;
codification under Justinian, 323 b; Mod.
countries, 323 c; Praetorian edicts, 322 d;
codification under Theodosius, 323 a; Unifica-
tion under Emperors, 322 d, 323 a.—.
-Roman
Law, XII. Tables, 667 bc; Mancipatio and
nexum, 321 d.

ROOKE, J.: marginal cost, 746 a; doctrine of
Rent, 746 a.

ROSCHER, W.: on theory of Development, 227 b,
324 d, 325 a, 326 a; on Extra-economic factors
in econ. problems, 147 cd; on Gov., 325 d;
on Historical Meth., 324 c; points of diff.
fr. Historical Sch., 326 d, 327 a; on History,
326 bc; on Peasant proprietors, 84 d; on
Productive Labour, 219 ad; on Rapidity
of circ. of Money, 261 c; on principle of
Relativity, 277 bd, 325 b; on Restrns. on
Labour, 297 b, 298 a.-- W. ROSCHER on
P.E., Application of, 325 c; Humanist con-
ception of, 143 c; position in collective syst.
of Sciences, 324 d; Theoretic and practical,
324 d.

Rossi, P. L. E.: on Liberty, 328 d; lectures
on P.E. in Paris, 328 b.

ROUSSEAU, J. J.: on Gov., 330 b, 331 a; on
state of Nature, 105 b; rel. to Physiocrats,
330 c; on Property, 231 d, 232 a, 331 b;
on Social Contract, 104 ac, 330 b, 427 d,
428 a; rel. to mod. Socialism, 232 a, 330 d;
on Wealth, national, 331 a.
Royal African Co.: 275 d.
RUFFIN, E.: 746 abc.
RUMELIN, G. von: on T. R. MALTHUS' doctr. of

Population, 333b; Statistics, 333 a.
Rupee and Coinage, native rights of, 335 b;
Hist., 333 d-334 c, 746 c-747 b; closing of
Ind. Mints, 335 a; fall in gold price of
Silver, 334 d; gold exchange standard,
746 cd, 747 a; recommendations of Babington-

835

Smith Committee, 747 a; the War and rise in
price of silver, 746 d.

RUSKIN, J. crit. of econ. doctrines, 747 bcd;
consumption, theory of, 747 c; Demand for
commodities and labour, 747 c; Interest,
747 d; Laissez-faire, 747 b; machinery, 747
d; Value, 747 c; Wealth, 747 c; Land,
nationalisation of, 748 a; W. SMART on,
765 d, 766 a.

Russia or Muscovy Co.: 275 c, 335 c-336 b,
561 b.

Russian Sch. of P.E.: 336 c-343 c; Agrarian
quest., 341 ab; Co-operation, industrial,
342 cd; Curr. and credit, 341 cd; Discussion
of econ. forbidden after Napoleonic war, 339 c;
Finances and taxation, 343 c; Free Trade
party, 342 b; Gorloff, follower of J. B. SAY,
340 c; Historical Sch., 343b; Industry,
syst. of, 342 c; followers of H. K. MARX, 342 d,
776 c; Peter the Great, 337 b; Physiocrats,
infl. on Catherine II., 337 bcd; Polevoi on the
Serf, 337 c; J. Possoshkoff and Gov.
authority, 337 a; Railways, 341 d; Russo-
Ger. sch., 339 d, 340 a, 479 a; Serfdom,
abolition of, by Alexander II., 340 ab; H. F.
von STORCH and N. T. Turgueneff on Freedom,
339 b; V. Stroinoffski, follower of Physio-
crats, 339 a; Sylvester and G. Krizhanich,
early writers, 336 d; Tchernychevski and
scientific Socialism, 340 d; G. Tsekanovetski's
crit. of A. SMITH, 340 bc; A. SMITH'S Wealth of
Nations translated into Russ. by N. Politkoffski,
338 cd.

SADLER, M. T., opponent of T. R. MALTHUS :
344 b.

ST.-MARC, H.: 748 b.

ST.-PIERRE, Abbé de: 748 bd.

ST. SIMON, C.-H., Comte de reaction fr. spirit
of Revolution, Fr., 346 b; and Socialism
in Fr., 347 a, 432 b.-ST. SIMON, Sch. of,
Char. and infl., 346 ab; E. PEREIRE, 94 a.
Sale of Goods: law of, Codified 1893, 347
bcd.

SALMASIUS, C., on Int. and usury: 348 b.
Salt, Taxes on: Fr. Gabelle, 348 c, 486 d;
Brit. Ind., 348 c; Objections to, 348 d.
Salvage: Civil, 349 b; Insurance, 349 d;
Military, 349 c.

Sanctuary: and Abjuratio regni, medvl., 350
abcd; Tudor period, 350 d, 351 a.
SARTORIUS, G. F., follower of A. SMITH: 352 d.
Satiety Price: 354 c.

Sauerbeck's Index Numbers: Prices of food,
732 bcd, 733 ab, 801 d-802 d.

SAVIGNY, F. C. von, on hist. of Law: 181 bc,
355 c-356 b.

Saving: Def. of, 356 c; Opportunities for, and
Thrift, 539 d-540 b.

Savings Banks: Post Office, 175 d, 731 bed.
SAY, J. B. analysis of Capital, 358 a; theory

of Débouchés, 358 be; on Entrepreneur,
358 b; infl. on S. NEWCOMB, 698 b; use of
Observation, 357 d; Optimism, 357 c, 358
c; on Personal services, 96 c; on Physio-
crats, 103 d; Popularity of his works, 357
c; on Prodn., 213 c; on Productive Labour,
210 a, 218 b.-J. B. SAY and P.E., divis.

836

into Prodn., Distr., and Consumption, 357
d; as sci. of Wealth, 129 d.
SAY, Léon on Democracy and Socialism, 359 bc;
M. PEDREGAL compared to, 716 c; Taxation,
359 b.

SCACCIA, S.: on Justum Pretium, 360 a;
Usury, 360 ab.

SCARUFFI, G. on Bimetallism, 360 c; Inter-
national coinage, 360 d; functions of Money,
360 c.
SCHÄFFLE, A. E. F.: on P.E. and sociology,
749 d-750 b; and Socialism, 750 bc; A.
WAGNER a follower of, 804 a; F. Wieser on,
749 c.

SCHLETTWEIN, J. A., follower of Physiocrats:
362 bc.

SCHLOSS, D. F.: work for Poor Relief among
the Jews, 751 b.

SCHLŌZER, A. L. von: on functions of Hist.,
362 d; a Mercantilist, 362 d.

SCHMALZ, T. A. H., latest of Physiocrats: 363 b.
SCHMOLLER, G.: treatment of labour problems,

752 abc; and F. LASSALLE, 752 abc; on
Quantity Theory of Money, 753 cd; and the
Socialists of the Chair, 752 d, 753 a.
SCHÖN, H. T. von, and H. F. K. vom STEIN'S
legisl.: 364 ab.

SCHRÖDER, W., Freiherr von, on Money and
Balance of Trade: 365 ab.

SCHULZE-DELITZSCH, F. H.: and Banking, co-
operative, 251 c, 366 a; F. LASSALLE'S attack
on, 365 d; compd. with F. W. RAIFFEISEN,
251 c, 366 a.

SCHWAB, J. C. on N.Y. property tax, 754 a.
Sciences: Aims and scope of, 367 d; Moral

dist. fr. Physical, 367 c.- -Sciences of Society,
Anthropology, 368 a, 431 b; Economics, 368
b, 431 b; Politics, 367 d, 368 a.

SCROPE, G. P.: on Index numbers and Tabular
stan., 369 d, 510 bc; Population, 370 a;
Silver Stan., 369 d.

SECKENDORFF, V. L. von, on Gov.: 370 d,

371 a.

SECRETAN, C. and Christian Socialism, 371 d;
on Solidarity, 371 d, 444 d.

Securities: Def. of, 371 d; Exchequer Bond,
3 d; Instr., Negotiable, 15 ab; Scrip, 369 a ;
Stock, 478 cd; Talon, 514 bc; Treasury
Bond, 579 b.

SEEBOHM, F. Study of Eng. Village Com-
munities, 755 b-756 b.
Self-Interest: and Altruism, 375 b; and
Competition, 588 cd; D. DEFOE on, 374 d;
and Hedonism, 375 b; Hypothetical char. of
principle, 375 c; J. S. MILL on, 375 b; T.
MUN on, 374 d; or egoism, A. SMITH on, 38 c,
375 a, 422 bc; J. TUCKER on, 588 c-589 a;
A. R. J. TURGOT on, 374 d; R. WHATELY on,
375 a.- -Self-Int., as Econ. motive, compd.
with Calcul., 117 d; Family affection, 117 d;
Utility, 117 c.

Seligman, E. R. A.: on Currency inflation,

780 cd.

SELKIRK, T. Douglas, 5th Earl of: on Emigra-

tion, 375 d-376 b; effects of disbanding
Highland clans, 375 d, 376 a.

SENEUIL, J. G. COURCELLE: Method of P. E.,

377 b; Plutology and ergonomy, 118 b, 377b;

interdependence of Prodn. and Consumption,
377 c.

SENIOR, W. N.: Abstinence theory of Capital,
377 d-378 b; Deductive Meth., 134 a, 378 d,
379 a; law of Increasing returns, 378 bc;
International trade, 378 c; Laissez-faire,
379 b; P. E., separated art fr. sci., 130 ab,
148 a; Poor Law, 156 d; Productive
Labour, 210 b, 219b; Rent of ability, 285 c;
Trade Unions, 379 a; Wages fund, 146 c,
378 cd.

Serfdom early Hist., 380 b; 19th centy., 380 b;
Polevoi on, 337 c; and alterations in Prices,
16th centy., 380 d; F. SEEBOHм on, 755 cd;
in Prussia, abolished by H. F. K. vom STEIN,
473 ab; Russ., 380 c, 479 b.

SERRA, A.: on Money and International
Trade, 381 ab; Value of Money, 381 c.
Services: Ability and benefit of, 382 b; power
of, personal Capital, 382 d; Commodity
and Discommodity, 382 a; Exchange value
of, 382 a; Material, prodn.- and consump-
tion-, 382 b; Personal, 96 b, 218 a, 382 c,
660 c; Productive, 217 a.- -Services,
Predial and military, Fyrd, 384 bc; Libere
tenentes, 383 ab; Villein, 383 a-384 b.
Settlement: Perpetuities, rule against, and
THELLUSSON Act, 95 d, 387 c, 532 d; Per-
sonal property, 386 c; Real property, 386 d;
Statute of Uses, 387 ab; Statute of West-
minster II., de donis condicionalibus, 387 a.

-Settlement, Poor Law syst., Descrip-
tion, 388 c-389 a; Hist., 156 a, 387 d-388 b.
SEYD, E., on Bimetallism: 389 d.

SHATTUCK, L.: work for public health, 757 abc.
SHEFFIELD, J. B. Holroyd, Earl of: on Com-

merce, Amern., 390 d; Corn laws, 391 a;
Irish trade, 390 c; Navigation laws, 391 b ;
Poor law, 391 c.

Shelley, M. W.: R. D. OWEN and, 706 d.
SIDGWICK, H.: economic conceptions, analyses
of, 758 d; economic definitions, 758 d; economic
theories, 758 d-759 b; ethics, 758 b; J. S.
MILL, crit. of, 758 d-759 a; P.E., character
of work in, 758 cd; Science and Art of P.E.,
759 b; on Socialism, 769 c.

Sierra Leone Co.: 537 c.

Silver: and Closing of Ind. mints, results,
335 ab; and London Produce clearing, 212 be;
Protection, effect of fall in exchange, 235 b,
396 b; A. SMITH on value of, 414 ab; Stan.
of fineness, 457 bc, 745 a, 757 a, 779 ab;
monetary Status of, revolution in, 19th centy.,
395 cd; the War and rise in price of, 746 d,
756 d-757 a.-Silver, Coinage of, British,
Fineness of, reduced, 1920, 745 a, 757 a,
779 ab.--Free: and Populist movement,
U.S.A., 169 d-170 b; W. D. SUMNER on, 783
a.- -Silver, Consumption of, compd. with
Prodn., 401 abc; Statistics, 398 d-401 a.

-Silver Curr., China, Sycee, 506 a; Tael,
511 d. Silver, Deprec. of, 396 a.—Silver,
Discoveries of, Medvl., 396 c; Roman Em-
pire, effects on demand, 398 ab; stimulus to
existing sources of Supply, 396 d-397 c;
U.S.A., effects on demand, 398 ab.-Silver
Legisl., U.S.A., Bland Act_and Dollar,
398 a, 401 cd; Pittman Act and Rupee, 746 d,

759 d-760 a; Sherman Act, 398 a, 402 ab.
Silver the best Money, J. LOCKE on, 395 b.
--Silver, Prodn. of, 1896-1923, 759 cd;
Statistics, 399 abcd, 759 cd. -Silver,
Remedy (Mint), 745 a. -Silver, price of,
and Rupee, 746 c-747 b.--Silver, Seignor-
age, 756 d-757 a.-Silver as Stan. of value :
in Eng., hist. of, 178 b; before 19th centy.,
395 a; G. P. SCROPE on, 369 d; G. M. WESTON
on, 807 b; H. WHITE on, 807 c-808 a.
SIMPSON, S.: on capital and labour, U.S.A.,
760 bc; S. PICKERING and, 722 ab.
Sinecure: Causes and effects, 403 cd; Sine-
cures, Colonial, abuses of, 403 d-404 b; Eng.,
403 c; Fr. before Revolution, 403 b.
Single Tax: opposed by S. NEWCOMB, 698 b.
Sinking Fund, 272 d-273 a, 760 d; Loans,

colonial, 407 d; Mis-application of princ., 406
cd; Old and new, 407 ab, 760 d; of 1786,
W. PITT's or Dr. R. PRICE's, 111 d, 189 a,
405 d, 406 a; Princ. of, 405 ab, 407 c; Ter-
minable annuities and conversion, 3 d,
272 d-273 a, 407 b; N. VANSITTART'S, 1813,
406 b, 612 a; Sir R. WALPOLE's, 1716, 405 bcd,
651 cd.

SISMONDI, J. C. L. S. de: Laissez-faire, 408 d;
Personal services, 96 bc; Rapidity of circ.
of money, 261 c; necessary Wage, 408 cd.
Sixteenth centy. : Depopulation, 455 a; effects
of influx of Precious metals, 455 b.
SKIDMORE, T.: equal division of property pro-
posed by, 761 a; J. PICKERING and, 722 a;
Working Men's movement in N.Y., 760 c, 761 a.
Slavery: Assiento Treaty, 409 c, 447 b; in Eng.,
Anglo-Saxon period, 385 d; Medvl., 386 a;
Mod. hist. of, 409 cd; Objections to, 410 ab;
anc. Rome, 385 bc; J. STEPHEN on, 474 d; J.
SWAN on, 502 c; U.S.A., opponents of: H.
NILES, 700 a; F. L. OLMSTED, 701 a-702 a;
R. D. OWEN, 707 ac; E. RUFFIN, 746 bc; S.
SIMPSON, 760 c; L. SPOONER, 779 a; D. A.
TOMPKINS, 789 a; G. M. WESTON, 807 ab;
F. WRIGHT, 701 d, 706 c, 811 d-812 b.
Sliding-Scale system of Price and Dividend: 790 c.
Small Holdings, 761 c-764 a; co-operation
and, 763 c; recent legislation, 761 d-763 a;
loans for, 763 cd; ownership or tenancy, 763
abc; private schemes, 763 d.

SMART, W and Austrian Sch. of P.E., 764 d-

765 b; on the economic life, 765 cd; ethics
and P.E., 765 bcd; on Final Utility, 764 d;
theory of Interest, 764 d-765 b; on human
factor in production, 765 a.

SMITH, Adam: Balance of trade, 416 ab; on
Bounties, 416 cd; Coinage, 418 d; Colonial
empire, 417 b, 421 d, 422 a; old Colonial syst.,
421 d, 422 a; Commercial treaties, 417 b;
Companies, trading, 418 d, 419 a; Corn laws,
416 d. 417 a; Customs Duties, 420 d, 421 a;
Death Duties, 420 c; Debts, public, or
national, 421 be; Drawbacks, 416c; E. Ind.
Co., 417 d, 418 d; Education and Endow-
ments, 419 abc; approved of Excise scheme
of Sir R. WALPOLE, 652 b; Fellow-feeling as
basis of morality, 412 d, 413 a; Free Trade,
415 c; on Gov., 418 be; on Gross and net,
222 bc, 414 c; Infl. of, 422 a; Liberty, 413 d,
415 d, 418 b; Money, 414 cd; Monopoly,

837

417 c; S. NEWCOMB and, 698 b; Objections
urged against, 422 bc; Optimism, econ., 38 c;
on Peasant proprietors, 84 b; Personal
services, 96 b, 218 a; anticipated by E.
PHILIPS, 102 d; on Physiocrats, 103 d, 418 a;
infl. on W. PITT, 111 d; discussed by W. PLAY-
FAIR, 116d; on settlement syst., Poor Law,
156 c; debt to previous writers, 422 ab; on
Profit, 222 d; Protn., 235 ab, 415 d; Public
works, 418 d; J. RAE's Life of, 738 d-739 a;
Rent of land, 287 bcd, 413 d, 414 a; Revenue,
419 d; crit. by Louis A. SAY, 359 d; on Self-
int. or egoism, 38 c, 375 a, 422 bc; Silver,
value of, 414 ab; F. J. H. von SODEN's crit.
of, 440 b; H. SPENCER on, 777 bcd; Station-
ary state, 466 c; compd. with Sir J. STEUART,
367 a, 475 bc; D. STEWART's crit. of, 477 a; on
Value in use and exchange, 413 b; Wages
and profit, natural rate of, 413 c; Wealth,
national, 413 ab. - -A. SMITH on Capital, Em-
ployment of, 415 a; Fixed and floating or
circulating, 414 c; and Stock, 414 bc.-A.
SMITH on Labour, Divis. of, 413 b; labour,
productive and unproductive, 209 d, 217 d,
218 ab, 414 d; as source of Wealth, 145 b,
377 d, 413 b.-A. SMITH on Navigation
Laws, Commercial aspect, 11 a, 417 bc; Naval
aspect, 10 c, 415 d.-A. SMITH on P. E., Agri-
cultural syst., 103 d, 417 d-418 b; Com-
mercial or Merc. syst., 415 c, 417 d; as sci.
of Wealth, 129 bc, 143 b.-A. SMITH on
Taxation, Capitation, 420 d; Classification
of, 520 a; on Houses, etc., 420 b; Imperial,
421 c; Indirect, 420 d; on Land, Tithes,
420 a; Maxims of, certainty, convenience,
economy, and equality, 419 d, 518 b, 519 a;
on Rent, 287 cd, 420 a.- -A. SMITH, Wealth
of Nations, translated into Danish, 424 a;
Fr., by G. GARNIER, 210 a, 424 a; Ger., by
C. GARVE, 424 a; Ital., 424 a; Russ., by N.
Politkoffski, 338 cd; Span., by J. A. ORTIZ,
44 d, 424 a, 451 bc.

Snowden, P.: Budget of, 775 d.

Social Contract: Doctr. of, 312 b, 427 b-428 b;
T. HOBBES on, 427 bc, 428 a; J. LOCKE on,
427 c, 428 a; PLATO on, 114 a; J. J. ROUSSEAU
on, 104 ac, 330 b, 427 d, 428 a; Sir W. TEMPLE
on, 528 b; C. von WOLFF on, 671 b.
Social Insurance: 767 b-768 d.-National
Health Insurance, 694 c-695 d, 768 a.
Pensions for the Blind, 717 a, 768 ac; Old
Age, 716 d-717 a; War, 717 ac, 718 bc, 768
ac; Widows', Orphans', and Old Age contribu-
tory, 717 d-719 a, 768 ac.-)
-Poor Law and,

724 cd, 725 a, 767 d, 768 c; Workmen's
Compensation, 767 d, 768 c, 808 a-809 b;
Workmen's Insurance, 809 bcd.

Social Science: 367 d, 368 a, 428 b; 18th
centy., 428 c; Imperfect condition of, 431 ab;
Organic view, 429 bc; Philosophy of hist.,
429 a; part of moral Sciences, 367 d; Scope
confined to one aspect of life, 429 d-430 b;
and Statistical Meth., 431 bc.-Social Sci.,
or Sociology, term invd. by A. COMTE, 167 b,
172 a, 368 a, 428 c, 430 d; G. D. ROMAGNOSI,
321 a.

Social Welfare: the Church and, 766 c; re-
form, means for, 786 c; J. RUSKIN on, 747 d;

838

--

Socialist views, 770 d, 771 d, 772 bc. -Study
of, 766 c-767 b.
Socialism: Aims of, 432 a, 769 bcd, 770a-771d,
775 ab; compd. with Anarchism, 431 d,
769 a, 770 b, 775 b; Austria, 433 d, 434 a,
775 a; Belgium, 434 d, 435 a; Christian,
12 b, 86 c, 371 d, 769 a, 773 c; Christianity
and, 770 b, 772b; Collectivism and, 431 d,
770 c, 771 bc, 772 ad, 774 a; Communism
and, 232 bc, 775 a; Darwinism and, 769 d.
-Definitions of, 19th and early 20th centy.,
768 d-769 c; Andler, 769 c; E. B. Bax,
769b; M. Faguet, 769 bc, 773 a; G. Le Bon,
769 c; K. MARX, 769 d; H. SIDGWICK,
769 c; A. TOYNBEE, 769 a; Bishop Westcott,
769 c, 773 b.-Discussion, method of, early
20th centy., 769 b, 772 bc, 774 ab; Fabian
Society, 769 ab; J. G. FICHTE, 312 b.-
Socialism, Forms of, early 20th centy.,
771 b-772 c, 773 c-774 b; in England, 773 c,
775 c-776 b; Colonies, British, 773 d-774 a;
France, 773 cd, 775 c, 776 bc; Germany,
773 d, 775 a; K. MARX on, 769 abd, 773d.
-French, 434 bc, 773 cd; German politi-
cal, infl. of G. W. F. HEGEL on, 21 cd;.
Growth of, 772 d-773 b; Guild Socialism,
775 d; History of, since 1909, 775 a-776 d;
Individualism and, 773 b-774 b; D. G.
RITCHIE on, 745 c.-Internationalism and,
775 a; Labour Party and, 775 cd; Law,
Socialisation of, L. Stein on, 771 d; P.
LEROUX on, 431 c; S. NEWCOMB on, 699 a;
compd. with Nihilism, 22 c; points overlooked
by, 232 d, 436 a; R. OWEN, 48 c; V. PARETO
and, 711 cd, 770 b; E. von PHILIPPOVICH and,
721 c; N. G. PIERSON and Marxian, 724 ab;
and P.E. and ethics, 138 c.— Socialism
and Population, T. R. MALTHUS' doctr. of,
168 c; adjustment of Population to Pro-
duction under, 729 a.--Socialism and
Property, 232 cd, 770 abcd, 771 abc; Pro-
perty and productive power, 770 abc; aboli-
tion of private property, 770 bd, 771 abc, 772
bc; M. Jaurès on, 770 d-771 a; V. PARETO
on, 770 b; PROUDHON on, 770 b; Saint-Just
on, 770 b; H. SPENCER on, 778 a.- Social-
ism, J. RAE's study of, 738 bed; and Right
to Labour, 312 cd, 432 c, 772 be; mod., J. J.
ROUSSEAU'S rel. to, 232 a, 330 d; C. H. de
ST. SIMON conn. with, 347 a, 432 b; A. E. F.
SCHÄFFLE and, 750 be; G. SCHMOLLER and,
752 d, 753 b; W. D. SUMNER and, 783 b;
Syndicalism and, 783 d; Switz., 434 b;
U.K. and Colonies, 435 a; U.S.A., 435 bc;
anticipated by J. VANDERLINT, 611 b..
Socialist movement, benefits of, 773 b..
Socialists of the Chair, 437 b, 438 b, 769 a,
773 d, 803 d; and Insurance, State, in
Ger., 437 b; compd. with Laissez-faire Sch.,
438 a, 451 d; E. NASSE, 1 bc; compd. with
Scientific socialists, 438 a; and Socialism,
State, 437 b, 438 b.-Socialism, Scientific,
and International working men's Assoc.,
433 bc; and Labour as measure of value,
432 d; F. LASSALLE, 318 a, 432 d, 433 b,
752 abc, 776 c; B. MALON, 433 ab, 434 c; H.
K. MARX, 432 d, 769 d; K. J. RODBERTUS on,
316 d, 433 b; compd. with Socialists of the

Chair, 438 a; doctr. of Surplus value, 432
d, 536 d, 610 b; Tchernychevski, 340 d;
Wages, "Iron Law" of, 432 d. -Socialism,
State, 769 cd, 770 abd, 771 be, 772 e, 773 d-
774 a; J. J. L. BLANC and Ateliers Nation-
aux, 432 c; J. S. MILL on, 437 b; and Muni-
cipal gov., 437 c; C. H. PEARSON, 83 a; E.
von PHILIPPOVICH, 721 c; J. RAE on, 738 c;
and democracy, Léon SAY on, 359 be; and
Socialists of the Chair, 437 b, 438 b, 752 d,
753 a, 803 d; Theory and practice of, 436 d,
437 a; A. WAGNER'S system, 804 ab.
Socialism and State Interference, 770 a-
771 acd, 773 bd-774 a ; D. G. RITCHIE on, 745
cd; State ownership of means of production,
770 bc, 775 bed; Prof. GONNER on, 770 c;
French opinion, 770 d-771 a; of Land, 770 c;
H. SPENCER on, 778 a; Government Trad-
ing, 770 bcd, 771 be; Mr. Keir Hardie on,
771 c; Municipal Trading, 771 bc, 791 d.
792 a; H. SPENCER on, 777 cd, 778 be;
Socialism and Syndicalism, 775 c, 776 bc.
-Socialism and Taxation, 771 b.

Society: ARISTOTLE on origin of, 114 a; Physio-
crats, theory of, 104 c; Robert VAUGHAN on
functions of, 613 d; G. VICO on hist. of, 620 d.

-Society, Development of, K. J. RODBERTUS
on, 317 a.-Society, Organic view of, and
Social sci., 429 b.

Sociology, Economics and: A. E. F. SCHÄFFLE,
749 d, 750 a; G. SCHMOLLER, 752 cd, 753 a;
W. D. SUMNER, 783 bc.

SOETBEER, A.: on future of Gold prodn., 441 a;
Index numbers, 442 d; gold Monometal-
lism, 440 d. Soetbeer's table of Prices,
441 d-443 c; based on Hamburg table, 442 ab.
Solidarity: A. COMTE on, 444 b; opposed to
Individualism, 104 d, 445 ab; Objections to
doctr., 444 cd; in Primitive society, 444 d,
445 a; C. SECRÉTAN on, 371 d, 444 d.
Sorel, G., on Syndicalism, 776 c, 784 c.
South Sea Co.: 295 c, 418 d, 447 a-448 b; and
reduction of National debt, 447 cd.-S. Sea
Bubble, 295 c, 447 d.
Sovereign 448 c.

Sovereignty: Internal and external, 448 d;
Legal and political, 449 a.

Spanish Sch. of P. E.: Políticos on Depopula-
tion, 450 bc; Finances, 452b; and Gresham's
law, 450 ab; on Laissez-faire, 451 cd; Merc.
Syst., 450 d; P. E. and Ethics, 451 d;
Relativity, 452 a; Single Tax, 451 ab;
Taxation, Span., 449 cd; Vagrancy, 450 e.
-Span. Sch., and Spain, causes of econ.
Decline, 449 bed; industry, D. de OLIVARES
on, 35 b..
-Econ. reform: J. de UZTARIZ on,
604 be; B. WARD on, 656 bc.
SPENCE, T., on Land, nationalisation of: 453 c.
SPENCER, H.: on Co-operation, 778 b; on

Moral Law, 777 cd; commercial morality,
778 bc; A. E. SCHÄFFLE Compd. to, 750 a;
on functions of State, 777 cd, 778 ab; evils of
State Interference, 778 ac; agreement with
A. SMITH, 777 be; on Socialism, 778a; infl.
on W. D. SUMNER, 783 ab.

SPOONER, L.: paper currency scheme, 778 d-779 a.
Stamp, Sir J.; application of Pareto's Law, 712
bc, 713 a.