42 a; Licenses, 16 b, 41 c; Orders in Council, Eng. retaliation for, 16 b, 40 a, 58 c, 93 c, 391 c.
Contraband: and Neutral states in Inter- national Law, 16 bd.
Contract: Breach of, remedy for, and specific performance, 452 d, 453 a; Law of, 402 d; Roman Law of, 66 c; of Sale, 347 b; substi- tute for Status, 65 c; and Tort, liab. under, compd., 551 c.
Conversion of National Debt: 3 d, 272 d- 273 a; A. SMITH on, 421 be; and South Sea Co., 447 cả.
Convertibility of State Notes: 779 bc, 780 cd; Suspension of, 779 c. Co-operation in Agriculture, Artél in Russ., 342 c; in Agric., on Small Holdings, 763 c; Industrial, Russ. Sch. on, 342 cd; co- operative Industry, R. OWEN and, 49 a, 50 ab, 432 b; Mir in Russ., 21 d; E. V. NEALE, 12 c-13 a; U. RABBENO on, 735 a; Socialism and, 775 c; H. SPENCER on, 778 b; W. THOMPSON on, 536 d; J. WARREN on, 659 а. Co-operative Banking, F. H. SCHULZE - DELITZSCH, 366 a.—Co-operative Farming, Ralahine experiment, W. PARE on, 60 d; F. WRIGHT'S Nashoba experiment, 701 d, 811 d-812 b.
Coparceners, inher. by: 59 d, 203 a. Copartnership: South Metropolitan Gas Co., history and working of system, 790 cd; Trade disputes, as a preventive to, 790 cd; work- men shareholders and directors, 790 d. COPERNICUS, N., on reform of Curr.: 144 b. Copyhold Demesne tenants, origin of, 85 d, 625 bc.
Corn compulsory reserves of, Greniers d'abon- dance, 79 a.- -Corn Laws, Earl of SHEFFIELD on, 391 a; A. SMITH on, 416 d, 417 a.- Corn Laws, Repeal of, Sir R. PEEL, 87 d.
-Price of Corn, and deficient Harvests, C. DAVENANT on, 498 bc; and Tithes, 787 cd, 788 c.
Corporation compd. with Partnership, 69 b. Cossa, L., on BASTIAT'S expl. of Value, 720 c. Cost: J. ROOKE, 746 a; Comparative, doctrine of, R. TORRENS on, 789 d, 790 a.
Cost of Living: Index Numbers, 801 c-802 d. Cost of Production: theory of, Alpriori applica- tion of P. E., 146 d, 147 a; and Price, 140 c, 200 d; and Rent, 284 cd; and Value, 146 d, 220 bc, 607 cd.
Cotton dealings in, illustn. of Futures, 212 a.
-Cotton Industry, effect of fluctuations in Exchange, 212 a; peculiar Position of, 211,d; Wages in, 189 d; in U.S. A., development by D. A. TOMPKINS, 789 abc. County Councils: and Small Holdings, 761 d,
762 abcd, 763 acd; and Unemployment, 725 b. Credit: J. LAW and development of syst., 145 a; W. POTTER on syst. of, 177 be; Specu- lative, effect on prices, 198 d, 199 a. — -Credit, depreciation of Currency and, 780 ab.- Credit, Instrument of, cheques Not Negoti- able, 25 b; Telegraphic transfers, 526 c. Crises study of, by M. PANTALEONI, 710 cd; Crisis of 1810-11, S. PERCEVAL, 93 b. Currency: N. COPERNICUS on, 144 b; based on
Labour, R. OWEN's proposal, 50 d; G. W. von LEIBNIZ on, 56 b; Sir I. NEWTON on valuations of guinea, 19 bcd; and banking, G. W. NORMAN on, 23 d; Sir R. H. I. PAL- GRAVE on, 708 ac, 709 a; PTOLEMY OF LUCCA on, 239 d; D. RICARDO on, 308 c; and credit, Russ. Sch. on, 341 cd; Tabular syst., W. S. JEVONS on, 509 b, 510 cd, 511 a; artificial appreciation of, G. A. TESAURO on, 531 d; Sir C. TROTTER on, 583 b; Unit of account, 599 c; Vellon, 614 d; M. E. L. WALRAS, proposal to steady prices, 654 a; R. H. WALSH on, 656 a; G. WILSON on, 669 bc.- Currency, the War and inflation and de- preciation of, 708 c, 709 a, 779 c-781 a; perils of deflation, 780 cd; report of Econ. and Fin. Section of League of Nations Secretariat on, 779 d-780 b.- Currency Doctrine or prin- ciple, J. WHEATLEY on, 665 a.- -Currency, Paper, Fr., 303 c; based on Land, J. SWAN on, 502 d; H. THORNTON on, 537 c.-Cur- rency, Paper, U.S. A., disorganisation of, after 1811, H. NILES on, 700 a; after 1836, C. RAGUET on, 739 c; Civil War period, S. NEW- COMB and, 698 bc; G. OPDYKE and, 702 d- 703 a; Resumption, U.S.A., 298 b-299 a; Soft money, U.S.A., 443 c; L. SPOONER'S system, 778 d-779 a.-Currency, Paper, State Notes, 779 b-781 a; Treasury Note, 792 cd.-Currency and P. E., ARISTOTLE'S theory, 143 c; Dialogue Eryxias, 115 d, 116 a; Fiduciary syst., 143 d; Free Trade de- duced fr. nature of money, 144 cd; Hard Money syst., 143 d; J. LAW and syst. of credit, 145 a; J. LOCKE and Quantity theory, 144 c; Precious metals, scarcity of, in Middle Ages, infl., 144 a.- -Currency, Quantity theory of, 244 a; J. LOCKE on, 144 c; stated by S. NEWCOMB, 699 b; dis- carded by J. SCHOENHOF, 753 cd; contested by H. WHITE, 807 d, 808 a. Curves: Income, V. PARETO's, 711 b, 712 a- 713 b; Population, 729 a; Production, 729 bc; Supply and Demand, 489 b, 492 c, 497 d, 498 a; Trade, A. MARSHALL'S pre- sented by M. PANTALEONI, 709 d.
Custom compd. with Prescription, 186 d. Customary Acres, F. SEEBOHM's study of, 756 c. Customs duties: Bonded warehouses, 657 b; Eng. and Eur. countries, 522 b; Hist. of, 517 d; Prisage and Recta prisa, 205 b, 272 c; A. SMITH on, 420 d, 421 a; U.S.A., R. J. WALKER on, 650 cd; Sir R. WALPOLE'S reform of, 652 a. -Internal Customs and Tolls, Fr., 17th and 18th centy., 104 b.
D'ARUSMONT, MME.: see WRIGHT, F. Darwinism and T. R. MALTHUS' theory of Population, 166 b; and Socialism, 769 d; Survival of the Fittest, 500 abcd. DAVENANT, C.: Price and deficient harvest, 498 bc.
Death Duties: Estate, 523 d; Probate, ad- ministration, and inventory, 208 c; A. SMITH on, 420 c; Succession, 523 c. Death-rate and Birth-rate, "interdepend- ence" of, 727 bc; "corrected rate," 727 a;
DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
decline in U. K., European, compared with, 727 b; English, 1923, lowest known, 728 c; New Zealand, 727b; Old Age Pensions and decline in, 716 d.
Debasement of Coin: Ireland, 204 d; N. ORESME on, 43 ac.
Debenture: Negotiable, 15 b.
Débouchés: J. B. SAY's theory, 358 bc. Debt Speciality and Contract, 452 cd.- National Debt, U.K., Aggregates, 1915- 1923, 693 cd; assets against, 693 d; Burden of, 3 a, 694 b; Evolution of, 2 cd; Floating, 3 d-4 a; Funded, statistics of reduction, 3 cd, 272 d; Sir R. GIFFEN and reduction of, 694 ab; G. J. GOSCHEN'S operation, 3 d; Hist. of, 3 bc; S. READ on, 266 a; Reduction of, 1895-1914, 693 ab; necessity of Repayment, 2 d, 272 d; A. SMITH on, 421 bc; the War and, 693 bc, 694 b.-Debts, Public, Con- version of, 421 bc, 447 d, 694 b; and Fund- ing syst., 4 bc; S. SIMPSON on funded, U.S.A., 760 a. -Debts, public, Privileges over other secs., 290 bc; Rentes or int. on, 289 b-290 c.-Redemption of National Debt, Statistics 1882-1914, 272 d; Sinking Fund, 3 d-4a, 272 d-273 a, 405 a-408 a, 760 d. Decentralisation: C. M. RAUDOT on, 265 b. Decimal syst.: C. W. PASLEY on, 73 d. Decl. of Paris: Blockade, effective, 58 bc; Neutrality, 16 b.
Deductive Meth.: W. BAGEHOT on, applicable only to advanced societies, 135 cd; A. COMTE'S crit. of, 171c; and Econ. Man, 133 c; necessity of combination with Inductive, 133 bd; and Observation, 133 d; S. N. PATTEN, 716 a; N. G. PIERSON, 723 d; D. RICARDO, 305 a; W. N. SENIOR on, 134 a, 378 d, 379 a; H. SIDGWICK on, 758 cd; compd. with Synthesis, 507 abc; A. WAGNER, 864 b.
Deferred payments: Tabular stan., 509 b. Definitions econ., application of Relativity to, 279 cd; H. SIDGWICK on, 758 d. Deflation, Currency, perils of, 780 cd. DEFOE, D.: on Self-int., 374 d. Demand: Demand Curves and Numerical determination of the Laws of Utility, 28 a.
-Demand, Law of, and Utility, Dimin., 490 cd.-Demand and Supply, illustr. by Curves, 489 b, 492 c, 497 d, 498 a; Law of, 279 a; V. PARETO'S treatment of laws of, 711 b. Demesne tenants, origin of Copyhold: 85 d,
Depopulation 16th cent., 455 a; Span. Polí- ticos on, 450 bc.
Depreciation of Currency, the War and, 779 c-781 a.
DE QUINCEY, T.: on Utility, 602 a. Development: and relativity, W. BAGEHOT on, 277 d; leading principle in Historical Meth., 136 cd, 276 d; theory of and Positivism, 172 a, 432 b; W. ROSCHER'S theory, 277 b, 324 d, 325 a, 326 a.
Diffic. of Attainment: and Dimin. returns, 140 b, 147 a.
Dîme Royale: P. VAUBAN's project, 612 d, 613 a, 628 a.
Dimin. Returns, law of: 140 b; J. E.
CAIRNES on, 145 d; and Diffic. of attain- ment, or Cost of Prodn., 140 b, 147 a; S. N. PATTEN on, 716 ab; and Rent, 283 bcd; and Value, 607 d; Sir E. WEST on, 663 bc. Discommodity: Labour regarded as, 382 a; Negative quantities, 14 d, 382 a.
Discount, Rate of: high, and stringency, 1906- 1907, 781 abcd, 782 ab.
Discoveries, geographical, infl. on Trade: 214 a.
Distance in time: J. RAE on, 250 d. Distribution and Exchange, 496 a; theories of H. SIDGWICK on, 758 cd.-Distribution, Sir G. RAMSAY on, 260 bc; and Rent of Land, 288 d; W. THOMPSON on, 536 c. District Council area as new administrative unit, 725 c.
Dividend and Preference Shares, 185 a. Dock and Bonded warehouses, 657 c. Doctrinaire: and Laissez-faire, 146 a. "Dole," the: 797 bc.
Domesday Book: Eng. Manor in, 755 cd. DOUBLEDAY, T., on law of Population: 166 a. Drapier's Letters, J. SWIFT, and W. Wood's patent: 19 c, 505 abcd, 652 c, 672 d. Drawbacks: A. SMITH on, 416 c. DUNOYER, C. inf. on A. L. PERRY, 720 c. Dutch E. Ind. Co.: 273 b, 561 d.
Duty: on Inhabited house, hist. of, 582 a.
Earnings of Management: first investigated by H. K. E. von MANGOLDT, 285 cd.
E. Ind. Co.: 36 cd, 68 b, 72 ab, 151 b, 275 d, 333 d, 334 c, 561 d; A. SMITH on, 417 d, 418 d; compd. with Turkey Co., 595 b. Eastland Co.: 275 cd, 621 b. Economic Econ. life, W. SMART on, 765 c- 766 a. Econ. Man, conception of by De- ductive economists, 133 c; S. N. PATTEN on, 715 d. Econ. Organisation, and Civilisation, Village communities, 622 ab, 755 cd. Economics: Art of P. E., H. SIDGWICK on, 759b; History interpreted by, S. N. PATTEN on, 715 abd; politics and, M. PANTALEONI, 710 a; Sociology and, A. E. F. SCHÄFFLE, 749 d; W. D. SUMNER, 783 be; pure theory, M. PANTALEONI and V. PARETO, 709 d, 711 b. Econ., Sci. of, W. NEWMARCH on progress of, 18c; T. PATERSON on physical and mental elements in, 78 b.-Econ. sci., Meth. of, Analytical, 507 abc; J. G. COURCELLE- SENEUIL on, 377 b.-Econ. sci., Abstract meth., compd. with Historical, 533 d.- Econ. sci., Deductive Meth., appl. to ad- vanced societies, W. BAGEHOT on, 135 cd; A. COMTE's crit. of, 171 c, and Econ. Man, 133 c, 715 d; necessity of combination with Inductive, 133 bd; and Observation, 133 d; N. G. PIERSON, 723 d; D. RICARDO on, 305 a; J. RUSKIN, crit. of doctrines and method, 747 bcd, 748 a; W. N. SENIOR, 134 a, 378 d, 379 a; H. SIDGWICK on, 758 cd; compd. with Synthetic, 507 abc; A. WAGNER, 804 b.- -Econ. sci., Historical Meth., compd. with Abstract, 533 d; Necessity of, 135 b, 142 c; W. ROSCHER on, 324 c; G. SCHMOLLER, 752 cd, 753 a; H. F. von STORCH,
479 bc. Econ. sci., Inductive Meth., Necessity of, 134 b-135 b.-Econ. sci., Mathematical Meth., complement of His- torical Meth., 142 d; W. S. JEVONS, 136 d; Negative quantities, 14 d, 15 a; G. ORTES, 44 be; M. PANTALEONI, 709 d, 710 a; V. PARETO, 711 b; G. PEACOCK, 82 d; calculus of Probabilities, 208 ab; Scope of, 137 a; G. SILIO, 395 a; A. A. WALRAS, 652 d; M. E. L. WALRAS, 653 be; Weighted observations, 662 cd.-Econ. sci., Statis- tical Meth., 467 b-469 b; and Social Sci., 431 bc. Econ. sci., Synthetic Meth., 506 d; compd. with Analytical, 507 abc; compd. with Deductive, 507 abc.-Economic thought, Environment and, S. N. PATTEN, 715 cd; and Social reform, 766 c-767 b. Economy National dist. fr. provincial, 4 d. EDEN, Sir F. M.: Poor Law, 156 c. Edgeworth, F. Y.: on N. G. PIERSON, 723 d. Education: Agricultural, U.K., A. SMITH on, 419 abc.-Education, free, compulsory, J. RUSKIN on, 747 d.
Egoism: H. SIDGWICK on, 758 b.
Eight Hours Day: J. RAE on, 738 d; on Rail- ways, 743 cd.
Emigration U.K., 1911, and the Continent, 727 c; need for, 728 be; Unemployment and, 728 bc, 796 b; J. VIRGILIO on, 629 d; and colonisation, E. G. WAKEFIELD on, 648 ab. Eminent Domain: S. PUFENDORF on, 241 b. Empiricism: W. D. SUMNER, 782 d-783 a. Employers: compd. with Capitalists, 210 d; B. PRICE on, 188 d; F. A. WALKER on, 649 d. Employers' Liability: 808 abcd, 809 ab. Endowments: A. SMITH on, 419 abc. ENGEL, E. Workmen's Budgets, 676 b, 677 a- 678 c.
ENGELS, F. modern Socialism and, 776 c. English School of P. E., Classical infl. on
S. NEWCOMB, 698 d; attacked by G. OPDYKE, 702 d; infl. on A. L. PERRY, 720 bc; N. G. PIERSON and, 723 c.
Enterprise: one of Agents of Prodn., 214 d, 215 a.
Entrepreneur and fluctuations in Exchange since 1873, 210 d; J. B. SAY on, 358 b. Entrepreneur, Functions of, and Positivism, 172d; F. A. WALKER on, 649 d. Environment: economic thought and, S. N. PATTEN, 715 c; Heredity and, and Popula- tion, 728 abc.
Éphémérides: Articles by A. R. J. TURGOT,
Equilibrium of Supply and Demand, 490 d, 493 a-494 a; and Price, 200 ab. Error: Unbiassed, 792 bc.
Ethics and econ., Span. Sch. on, 451 d.— Ethics, conn. with Art. of P. E., Charity, 138 d; in Distr., 138 a; theory of Fair Price, 138b; theory of Liberty, 138 a; P. P. MERCIER DE LA RIVIERE on, 104 d, 138 a; Socialism, 138 c.-Ethics, conn. with Sci., econ., 137 d, 139 a, 145 c; T. R. MALTHUS on Population, 145 c; D. RICARDO on Rent, 145 cd; Wages, quest. of, 145 d, 146 a; F. A. WALKER on Labour, Mobility of, 145 d; Ethics, Methods of, H. SIDGWICK on, 758 b.
Evolution: Social, econ. rel. of to scientific meth., 432 b; P.E. a record of, 765 b.- Evolution, in relation to Population, 728 ab; statistical basis of, 729 d-730 a; Evolu- tion, Econ., Theory of, 432 b. Exchange: and Distr., 496 a; and Parity of value, 63 bc; Sci. of, or Catallactics, 664 a; G. D. TURBOLI on, 590 b.-Exchange or Bourse, Parquet, 64 cd. Exchange, Foreign, Fluctuations in, since 1873, and Pro- duce Clearing, 210 c-211 b; Currency depreciation and, 780 ab.-Exchange, the Rupee, 746 c-747 b; Exchange, Value in, determined by Diffic. and Utility, 609 ab;
Exchequer: Exchequer Bond, and Conversion of Brit. National Debt, 3 d, 4 a, 464 a; Exchequer, Closing of, by Charles II., effects, 3 c; State Notes, 3 d, 464 a.— -Exchequer, Medvl.. Pells, Clerk of, 88 b, 527 b; Pipe rolls, 110 b-111 a; nomination of Sheriff, 392 cd; Tellers, 527 b.-Exchequer, Mod., dist. fr. Treasury, 578 cd.
Excise: Eng. and Continental countries, 522 c; New Impost, 17 a; Permit, 95 b.-Excise Scheme of Sir R. WALPOLE, econ. Merits, 652 b; A. SMITH'S approval, 652 b; Unpopularity, 652 b.
Fabian Society: Socialism, 769 ab. Factory: dist. fr. Workshop, 679 cd.- Factory Acts, H. FAWCETT on, 297b; Foreign countries, 297 a; Hist. and effects, 147 d, 299 bc, 344 c, 679 c; W. S. JEVONS on, 297 c; R. OASTLER, 28 d; Sir R. PEEL, 87 d; and Restrns. on Labour, 296 c, 297 ab; L. R. VILLERMÉ on, 626 d.-Factory Syst., New- BURY, JACK OF, 16th centy. anticipation of, 17 b; R. OWEN on, 48 a.
Fallacies, econ. J. SWIFT on, 504 cd.
Family Endowment: 768 a.
Famine G. B. SEGNI on, and Ital. corn trade, 372 a; C. di TAPIA on, 515 d.
FAWCETT, H.: on Factory Acts, 297 b; Restrns. on Labour, 297 b; Retaliation, 300 a. Federation, commercial, in Brit. Empire: Mr. Hofmeyr's proposals, 691 c. Feudalism: Sc. Thirlage, 534 d.-Feudal Incidents, Aid, 427 a, 513 c; Escheat, 513 c; Marriage, 427 a; Primer seisin, 202 b; Relief, 280 bcd, 427 a; Wards, 427 a, 657 a. Fiat Money and Currency depreciation,
Final Degree of Utility: E. von BÖHM- BAWERK and W. SMART on, 764 d; compd. with Total Utility, 606 d-607 b. Finances: Athenian, XENOPHON on, 812 bd- 813 ac.-Finances, Brit., W. PITT's reform
DICTIONARY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY
of, 111 d; Earl of STAIR on, and Amern. war, 455 c.—— -Revenue: Customs, 522 b; Excise, 522 c; Stamp duties, 521 c, 523 c.-Finances, Colonial and Indian, Debts, public, 3 b.-Finances, Fr., Indirect taxation, 522 bc; Monopolies, State, 522 d; J. NECKER'S attempt at reform, 14 abc; Paulette and sale of offices, 79 d-80 b; position of A. J. du P. RICHELIEU, 310 d, 311 ab; A. R. J. TURGOT and reform of, 591 bcd, 592 cd, 593 cd. - Finances, Ger. Empire, Revenue: Stamp duties, 523 c.- Finances, Italy, Q. SELLA's reform of, 376 e,
-Finances, Medvl., Dialogus de Scaccario, 280 d; Purveyance, 242 ab; Queen_gold, 246 c.- -Finances, Netherlands, Taxa- tion, syst. of, 521 c.- -Finances, Prussia, Taxation, 519 d, 521 C.- -Finances : Russ. G. CANCRIN, 340 a.-Finances, Spain, Políticos on, 452 ab.-Rules of taxation: Distribution, Economy, Elasticity, and Productivity, 518 c.--Finances, U.S.A., Taxation, plans of, 519 c.
Firm, legal and mercantile conceptions of: 70 b. Food: Consumption, S. N. PATTEN's theory, 716 a; and Population, A. L. PERRY, 720 d; Prices of, changes in, 801 b-802 d; Prices of, Workmen's Budgets, 676 c, 677 ab.
Food Supply of the United Kingdom: import duties on, 786 abcd.
FORBONNAIS, F. V. de, on Protn., opponent of Physiocrats: 108 ab.
FOURIER, C. syst. of Phalanges, 49 a, 432 b; on Right to labour, 311 d, 312 a. FRANKLIN, B.: on Population, 163 d. Freehold Socage, 426 d.
Free Trade: in corn, F. GALIANI on, 103 d; W. HUSKISSON's Reciprocity Bill, 267 d; deduced from nature of Money, 144 cd; S. NEWCOMв on, 699 b; V. PARETO on, 711 d; N. G. PIERSON on, 123 c; W. PATERSON on, 78c; A. L. PERRY on, 720 d; and Physio- crats, 105 cd; W. PITT's commercial treaty, 111 d; party in Ger., founded by J. PRINCE- SMITH, 203 d; A. STRUZZi on, 482 bc; C. RAGUET on, 739 be; W. D. SUMNER on, 783 a; T. VIOLET on, 628 d-629 b; D. A. WELLS on, 806 b; Free Trade and Reciprocity, 268 a. Friendly Societies and National Health In- surance, 694 d, 695 ah.
Funding syst., and National or public Debt, 4 bc, 272 d-273 a.
FUSTEL DE COULANGES, N. D.: on Manor, 622 d, 623 a.
Future Goods: compd. with Present, 187 d, 214 c.
Gavelkind, inher. by: 59 d, 203 a. Geometrical Ratio, and T. R. MALTHUS' doctrine of Population: 164 c.
GEORGE, H., and work of J. PICKERING: 722 d. German Sch. of P. E.: A. E. F. SCHÄFFLE,
749 cd; G. SCHMOLLER, 752 d.
GIFFEN, Sir R., and reduction of National Debt: 694 a.
Gilds: origin of Jnt.-Stk. syst., 72 a; in New- castle-on-Tyne, vend, etc., 276 a, 313 b, 615 a- 616 a; Gilds, Craft, or Corporations, syst. of, and Partnership, 67 d, 68 a, 72 a; and Restrns. on Labour, 297 d; and prize com- petition of Academy of Verona, 1789, 551 b, 632 a. Gilds, Fr., abolished by A. R. J. TURGOT, 593 a.--Gilds, Ger., or Zünfte, K. A. von HARDENBERG and abolition of, 473 d ; Hist. of, 691 d. -Gild Merchant, rel. to Market, 461 a.— -Gild Socialism, 775 d. Glut, universal, possibility of: affirmed by T. R. MALTHUS, 45 d.
Gold: Over-prodn. of, B. PALISSY on, 56 a; Prodn., A. SOETBEER and E. Suess on future of, 148 c, 441 a; Protn. and fall in gold prices, 235 b; Stan. of fineness, 457 bc.- Gold, Appreciation of since 1873, 395 d.— Gold, Discoveries of, W. NEWMARCH on, 18b; P. J. STIRLING on, 477 d, 478 a.-Drain of, in 1906, 782 ab; in 1907, 781 a-782 ab; in 1914, 782 c.-Gold as Stan. or measure of value, 457 d; Hist. of, 19th centy., 395 bc; increased use of, 782 d.
Goods: Consumption and prodn., 212 d; Future compd. with present, 187 d, 214 c; of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order, and Prodn., instr. of, 212 d, 216 b, 250 c.
GOURNAY, J. C. M. V. de, and Laissez Faire : 105 a.
Government: J. BODIN on theories of, 29 c; S. PUFENDORF on, 241 b; W. ROSCHER on, 325 d; J. J. ROUSSEAU on, 330 b, 331 a; V. L. von SECKENDORFF on, 370 d, 371 a; Sir J. SINCLAIR on, 403 a; A. SMITH on, 418 be; A. YOUNG on, 688 b.
Graphic Meth. appl. by W. PLAYFAIR to financial Statistics, 116 c.
GRASLIN, L. F. de: opponent of Physiocrats, 345 b.
GRAUNT, J. rel. to Sir W. PETTY, 99 cd. Greenland Co.: 595 b.
Greniers d'abondance: and F. PATRIZI, 79 a. GRESHAM, Sir T.: Gresham's Law, example in Revolution, Fr., 304 a; Span. Sch. on, 450 ab.
Gross and Net: Physiocrats on, 222 a; A. SMITH on, 222 bc, 414 c.
Guardians of the Poor: abolition recommended, 725 abc; for relief of Jewish poor, 726 bed, 751 b.
HALES, J., 16th-centy. economist: 455 a. HAMILTON, A.: on Protn. and manufacture, 234 b.
Hanseatic League: Hist. and position of, 275 c.; and Steelyard, 471 d; and Trade, foreign, regulns. of 559 d, 560 d; and Victual Brethren, 621 be.
HARDENBERG, K. A., Prinz von; and abolition of
Gilds, 473 d; and Peasant proprietors, 473 c.
HARRINGTON. J., Oceana: 603 a.
Health Insurance; see National Health In- surance; Ministry of Health and, 694 d, 695 a.
HEARN, W. E.: Plutology, 118 c. Hedonism: and Self-int., 375 b. HEGEL, G. W. F.: infl. on Ger. Socialism, 21 d. Heredity and environment, and Population, 728 abc; and Evolution, statistical basis of, 729 d.
HERMANN, F. B. W.: on Productive Labour, 219 c.
HILL, Sir R., and Penny Postage: 175 a. Historical Meth.: compd. with Abstract meth., 533 d; and princ. of Development and Relativity, 276 d; Necessity of, 135 b, 142 c; G. D. ROMAGNOSI, 321b; W. RoSCHER on, 324 c; and Statics, social, and social Dynamics, 466 b; H. F. von STORCH, 479 bc. Historical Sch.: K. KNIES and theory of Relativity, 277 be; and Laissez-faire, 146 c; E. von PHILIPPOVICH, 7216; K. F. H. ROESLER, 319 a; points of Diff. from W. ROSCHER, 326 d, 327 a; W. ROSCHER and principle of Rela- tivity, 277 bd, 325 b; G. SCHMOLLER, 752 cd, 753 a. History: Economic interpretation of, S. N. PATTEN, 715 abd; W. ROSCHER on, 326 bc; A. L. von SCHLÖZER on functions of, 362d; philosophy of, and Social Sci., 429 a.- -Econ. Hist., rel. to scientific Meth., 136 abc; K. W. NITZSCH on, 23 ab; J. E. T. ROGERS on, 11 b, 319 d, 397 d. -Econ. Hist., rel. to Theory, 532 d-534 b. HOBBES, T.: infl. on Sir W. PETTY, 101 c; on Property, 104 c, 231 d; Social Contract, 427 bc, 428 a.
Homestead Laws: 722 b.
Hours of Labour: Eight Hours Day, J. RAE on, 738 d; on Railways, 743 cd.—and Wages, 798 ac, 799 note to Table.
Housing Problem: Jewish poor and, 726 ab. Hudson's Bay Co.: 376 b. Humanism: F. PATRIZI, 79 a.
HUME, D. on Population, anc. compd. with mod., 163 bc.
Hundred unit of Local Gov., 554 b.
HUSKISSON, W. on Navigation Acts, 10 a; and Tariff revision, 267 d.
Hypothesis; an assistance to Observation, 31 a.
Ideal Commonwealths: F. BACON's New Atlantis, 602 d, 603 a; E. CABET's Icarie, 603 bc; T. CAMPANELLA'S Civitas Solis, 603 a; Econ. value of, 603 cd; J. HARRINGTON'S Oceana, 603 a; D. HUME'S Perfect Commonwealth, 603 a; Sir T. MORE'S Utopia, 602 d; MOR- ELLY'S Basiliade, 603 b; PLATO'S Republic, 113 d-115 a, 602 c; and mod. Socialism, 604 a.
Immigration into Australia, restricted, 728 c; Alien, compd. with Emigration, 727 c; into France, 727 b; into U.K., Checks on, effect on Jewish poor, 725 d-726 a.Into U.S.A., 1870-1890, 810 b; restricted, 728 c. Imports controlled by tariff, 791 bd.-Im- port Duties, New subsidy of tonnage and
poundage, 17 a, 548 a; Prices and, 791 bd. -Imports and Exports, Eur. and Amer., Official Values, 33 bc.
Impôt Unique: Dîme Royale, S. le P. VAUBAN'S, 612 d, 613 a; and Produit Net, 222 b; F. QUESNAY on, 222 b; Span. Sch. on, 451 ab.
Impressment: W. Nor and Ship-money, 27 c, 393 b.
Income: Net, conception of, 222 c, 414 c.- Distribution of, Pareto's Law, 711 b, 712 a- 713b; W. SMART on, 765 cd.
Income Tax: Austria, 522 a; Holl, property- tax, 521 c; Prussia, general and comple- mentary, 521 c; Switz., property-tax, 521 bc, 522 a; U.S. A., 521 bc, 522 a.- -Income Tax, Differential, in Italy, 522 a; progressive, F. E. de PARIBU on, 61 a.-Income Tax in U.K., early Hist., 521 d; Pareto's Law applied to, 712 c, 713 a; Sir R. PEEL and, 87 bd; and W. PITT's Triple Assessment, 582 c. Increasing Returns, Law of: and Exchange, value in, 608 a; W. N. SENIOR on, 378 bc. Increment, the Unearned: W. OGILVIE on,
Index Numbers: illustn. of Prices, 19th centy., 192 d, 193 a, 194 bed, 196 bd; of Prices, 1897-1924, 732 bcd-733 b; G. P. SCROPE on, 369 c; A. SOETBEER on, 442 d; and Unit of Value, 599 d; of Wages, Nominal and Real, 1850-1924, 800 bd, 801 a; and Wages, purchasing power of, 642 d, 801 c-802 d; Workmen's Budgets, 676 c. Index Numbers and Tabular Standard of Deferred payments, based on Labour, 509 d. India: closing of Mints, 1894, 335 ab. India Companies, Eng.; see Companies. India Companies, Fr.: 508 b. Indifference, law of, W. S. JEVONS': 307 d. Individualism: extreme form of, Anarchism, 478b; D. G. RITCHIE on, 745 ab; compd. with Socialism, 769 c, 773 b, 774 b; opposed to Solidarity, 104 d, 445 ab; H. SPENCER on, 777 d, 778 a; Bishop of Stepney on, 773 b; Bishop Westcott on, 769 c.
Inductive Meth.: and Deductive Meth., necessity of combination, 133 bd; Necessity of, 134 b-135 b.
Industrial Colonies: Holl., Beggar colonies, 51 b.
Industrial diseases: Workmen's Compensa- tion, 808 d.
Industry: Industry, Captains of, J. RUSKIN on, 747 b; control of, by workers, Syndicalism, 775 c, 776 bc, 783 c-784 a; syst. of, and Russ. Sch., 342 c.-Domestic Syst. of Industry, and Sweating, 503 b.-Pre-Roman In- dustry in Brit., Bronze age, earlier Celts, 186 b; Iron age, later Celts, 186 c; New Stone age, Iberians, 186 a.
Inflation: effects of, 780 bc; a temptation to Governments, 779 c; Sir R. H. I. PALGRAVE and, 708 c, 709 a; U.S.A., 1862-79, 298 cd, 698 bc, 700 a, 702 d-703 a. Inheritance Code Napoléon compelled sub- division, 203 b; Co-parceners, 59 d, 203 a; Escheat, 513 c; Gavelkind, 59 d, 203 a;
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