duties connected with the work, and shall reimburse him also for the cost of the services rendered by heating, ventilating, and mechanical or electrical engineers. In the case of the erection of the ordinary home of moderate cost the transportation charges will be negligible and there will be no living expenses to be charged by the architect. These living expenses refer to cases where what is known as a "clerk of the works" or a resident superintendent is employed. I shall have occasion to refer to this point hereafter. Briefly, however, a "clerk of the works" is one who is employed to reside at the place where the job is under way and give to it the continuous and detailed supervision which is not given, ordinarily, by an architect under his agreement to supervise the work. In the ordinary case, also, there will be no charges for ventilating, or mechanical or electrical engineers.

The contract covers further the point to which I have referred of the letting of the work under separate contracts. It states that the basic rate agreed upon is to be used when all of the work is to be let under one contract but that, if the owner should determine to have certain portions of the work executed under separate contracts, the architect's burden of service, expense, and

responsibility would be thereby increased and the rate in connection with such portions of the work shall be, in such event, 4 per cent. greater than the basic rate. For example, if a basic rate of 6 per cent. be agreed upon and then the work be let under separate contracts, the compensation to be paid the architect would be 10 per cent. on the cost of the work which is executed under separate contracts.

The contract further provides that, in the event that the owner determines to have substantially the entire work executed under separate contracts, the additional 4 per cent. rate shall be paid on the entire work. It is also provided that, in any event, the basic rate shall apply without increase to contracts for any portions of the work on which the owner repays to the architect the engineer's fees and to the cost of articles purchased under the direction of the architect, but not designed by him. These latter provisions are not always included in the contract with the architect. In some cases special arrangements regarding his fee on the articles designed by him are entered into, and in many cases the 4 per cent. additional compensation is allowed to him on work done under separate contracts, whether the engineer's fees be repaid to him or not.

The Standard Contract provides further that: "If after a definite scheme has been approved, the owner makes a decision which, for its proper execution, involves extra services and expense for changes in or additions to the drawings, specifications, or other documents; or if a contract be let by cost of labour and material plus a percentage or fixed sum; or if the architect is put to labour or expense by delays caused by the owner or a contractor, or by the delinquency or insolvency of either, or as a result of damage by fire, he shall be equitably paid for such extra service and expense."

This provision raises a question which is of the utmost importance to the owner. The question of the additional compensation to be paid to the architect for changes made by him in the plans, or for new sets of plans prepared by him at the request of the owner, lies at the root of a large percentage of the disputes which arise between the owner and his architect. It is important, in the interests of each of them, that the owner understand exactly what the situation is in this connection and what his obligations to the architect are to be in the event of the preparation of new plans by the latter, or in the event of changes in the plans made at the direction of the owner.

The contracts in use by many architects differ from the Standard Form on this question of additional compensation for changes and new plans. I shall try to make plain the general principles involved and the obligations of the owner under the various forms of agreement commonly in use by architects on this point.

The ordinary home builder has not a very clear understanding of the service which the architect is to render in the preparation of plans. It is a fair statement, I think, that the majority of laymen employing an architect to prepare plans for a residence are under the impression that the architect undertakes, as a part of his service and without extra compensation, to make changes in the plans and additions to them to whatever extent may be necessary finally to satisfy his employer. It is the purpose of the foregoing contract provision to meet this situation and to negative this presumption.

The understanding of nearly all architects, and certainly the established custom of the profession, is that the architect, for the basic fee agreed upon, will prepare studies and plans in accordance with the ideas first given to him by the client. If, however, after these have been prepared, the client changes his mind and requires new plans to be made or additions to be

included or changes in the original plans to be provided for, the architect will undoubtedly expect to be compensated for the extra services rendered by him in this connection.

In substantially every case some changes will occur to the client as desirable, while the work is going forward or during the period that the plans are in course of final preparation. This is natural and almost inevitable. If these changes are minor the architect will probably make no charge for them. If they are substantial, but do not require a redrafting of all of the plans, he will expect to be paid the reasonable value of the services which they necessitate. If they are radical enough so that they affect the whole conception of the plan, and require a new study of the problem and entirely new plans, he will doubtless expect to be paid for the new plans substantially the same amount as for the set first prepared.

If the contract provides, as it ordinarily does, that the architect shall be paid one fifth of his fee when the preliminary sketches are prepared and, after he has prepared a set of preliminary sketches, the client changes his mind and directs that sketches of a quite different character be prepared, the architect will expect to be paid the one fifth fee for those which he already has