440

crease by drawbacks, 205. Why govern-
ment ought not to take the management of
turnpikes, to derive a revenue from them,
304. Public works of a local nature always
better maintained by provincial revenues!
than by the general revenue of the state,
306. The abuses in provincial revenues
trifling, when compared with those in the
revenue of a great empire, ib. The greater
the revenue of the church, the smaller must
be that of the state, 341. The revenue of
the state ought to be raised proportionably
from the whole society, 342.
Local ex-
penses ought to be defrayed by a local re-
venue, 343. Inquiry into the sources of
public revenue, ib. Of the republic of
Hamburgh, ib., 344. Whether the govern-
ment of Britain could undertake the ma-
nagement of the bank, to derive a revenue
from it, ib. The post-office, a mercantile
project, well calculated for being managed
by government, ib. Princes not well qua-
lified to improve their fortunes by trade, ib.
The English East India Company good
traders before they became sovereigns, but
each character now spoils the other, ib. Ex-
pedient of the government of Pennsylvania
to raise money, 345. Rent of land the most
permanent fund, ib. Feudal revenues, ib.
Of Great Britain, ib. Revenue from land
proportioned not to the rent but to the pro-
duce, 346. Reasons for selling the crown
lands, ib., 347. An improved land-tax
suggested, 349. The nature and effect of
tithes explained, 352. Why a revenue can-
not be raised in kind, 353. When raised
in money, how affected by different modes
of valuation, ib. A proportionable tax on
houses the best source of revenue, 355.
Remedies for the diminution of, according
to their causes, 374. Bad effects of farm-
ing out public revenues, 381. The different
sources of revenue in France, 384. How
expended in the rude state of society, 385.
Rice, a very productive article of cultivation,
67. Requires a soil unfit for raising any
other kind of food, ib. Rice countries more
populous than corn countries, 86.
Riches, the chief enjoyment of, consists in the
parade of, 72, 73.

Risk, instances of the inattention mankind pay

to it, 45.

Roads, good, the public advantages of, 62.
How to be made and maintained, 303. The
maintenance of, why improper to be trust-
ed to private interest, 304. General state
In China, ib.
of, in France, 305.
Romans, why copper became the standard of
value among them, 16. The extravagant
prices paid by them for certain luxuries for
the table accounted for, 92. The value of
silver higher among them than at the pre-
sent time, ib. The republic of, founded
on a division of land among the citizens,
228. The Agrarian law only executed upon
one or two occasions, ib. How the citi-
zens who had no land subsisted, ib. Dis-
tinction between the Roman and Greek

colonies, ib. The improvement of the for
mer slower than that of the latter, 232.
Origin of the social war, 257. The repub
lic ruined by extending the privilege of Ro
man citizens to the greater part of the inha
bitants of Italy, 258. When contributions
were first raised to maintain those who went
to the wars, 290. Soldiers not a distinct
profession there, 291. Improvement of the
Roman armies by discipline, 294. How
that discipline was lost, 295. The fall of
the western empire, how effected, ib. Re-
marks on the education of the ancient Ro-
mans, 324. Their morals superior to those
of the Greeks, ib. State of law, and forms
of justice, 325. The martial spirit of the
people, how supported, 329. Great reduc-
tions of the coin practised by, at particular
exigencies, 396.

Rome, modern, how the zeal of the inferior
clergy of, is kept alive, 330. The clergy
of, one great spiritual army dispersed in
different quarters over Europe, 335. Their
power during the feudal monkish ages si-
milar to that of the temporal barons, 336.
Their power, how reduced, 337.
Rouen, why a town of great trade, 138.
Ruddiman, Mr. remarks on his account of the

ancient price of wheat in Scotland, 77.
Russia, was civilized under Peter the Great
by a standing army, 296.

Settlements of the poor, brief review of the Eng-Slaves, the labour of, dearer to the masters than
lish laws relating to, 57. The removals of
the poor a violation of natural liberty, 59.
The law of, ought to be repealed, 191.
Sheep, frequently killed in Spain for the sake

of the fleece and the tallow, 97. Severe laws
against the exportation of them and their
wool, 268.

Shepherds, war, how supported by a nation of,
289. Inequality of fortune among, the
source of great authority, 298. Birth and
family highly honoured in nations of shep-
herds, ib. Inequality of fortune first began
to take place in the age of shepherds, 299.
And introduced civil government, ib.
Shetland, how rents are estimated and paid
there, 61.

Silk manufacture, how transferred from Lucca
to Venice, 166.

Silver, the first standard coinage of the nor-
thern subverters of the Roman empire, 16.
Its proportional value to gold regulated by
law, 17. Is the measure of the value of
gold, ib. Mint price of silver in England,
ib. Inquiry into the difference between the
mint and market price of bullion, ib., 18.
How to preserve the silver coin from being
melted down for profit, 18. The mines of,
in Europe, why generally abandoned, 71.
Evidences of the small profit they yield to
the proprietors in Peru, ib. Qualities for
which this metal is valued, 72. The most
abundant mines of, would add little to the
wealth of the world, 73. But the increase
in the quantity of, would depreciate its

Its

individuals, how employed, 115. Is fre-
quently buried or concealed in arbitrary
countries, ib. The profits on, decrease in
proportion as the quantity increases, 137
On what principles stock is lent and bor-
rowed at interest, 144. That of every so
ciety divided among different employments,
in the proportion most agreeable to the pub-
lic interest, by the private views of indivi
duals, 260. The natural distribution of,
deranged by monopolizing systems, 261,
Every derangement of, injurious to the so-
ciety, 262. Mercantile, is barren and un-
productive, according to the French agri-
cultural system of political economy, 277.
How far the revenue from, is an object of
taxation, 357. A tax on, intended under
the land-tax, 358.

Sovereign, three duties only necessary for him |
to attend to for supporting a system of na-
tural liberty, 286. How he is to protect the
society from external violence, 289, 296.
And the members of it from the injustice
and oppression of each other, 297.
And to
maintain public works and institutions, 302.
Spain, one of the poorest countries in Europe,
notwithstanding its rich mines, 101.
commerce has produced no considerable ma-
nufactures for distant sale, and the greater
part of the country remains uncultivated,
171, 172. Spanish mode of estimating their
American discoveries, 173. The value of
gold, and silver there depreciated by lay-
ing a tax on the exportation of them, 208.
Agriculture and manufactures there dis-
couraged by the redundancy of gold and
silver, ib., 209. Natural consequences that
would result from taking away this tax, ib.
The real and pretended motives of the court
of Castile for taking possession of the coun-
tries discovered by Columbus, 230. The
tax on gold and silver, how reduced, ib.
Gold the object of all the enterprises to the
new world, ib. The colonies of, less popu-
lous than those of any other European na-
tion, 232, 233. Asserted an exclusive claim
to all America, until the miscarriage of their
invincible armada, ib. Policy of the trade
with the colonies, 236. The American es-
tablishments of, effected by private adven-
turers, who received little beyond permis-
sion from the government, 242. Lost its
manufactures by acquiring rich and fertile
colonies, 251. The alcavala tax there ex-Sugar, a very profitable article of cultivation,
plained, 381. The ruin of the Spanish ma-

nufactures attributed to it, ib.
Speculation, a distinct employment in improv-
ed society, 5. Speculative merchants de-
scribed, 47.

Stage, public performers on, paid for the con-
tempt attending their profession, 44. The
political use of dramatic representations,

334.

Stamp duties in England and Holland, re-
marks on, 363, 364, 365.
Steel-bow tenants in Scotland, what, 160.
Stock, the profits raised on, in manufactures,
explained, 20. In trade, an increase of,
raises wages, and diminishes profit, 36,
Must be larger in a great town than in a
country village, 37. Natural consequences

of a deficiency of stock in new colonies, 38.
The profits on, little affected by the easi-
ness or difficulty of learning a trade, 43.
But by the risk or disagreeableness of the
business, 46. Stock employed for profit
sets into motion the greater part of useful
labour, 106. No accumulation of, necessary
in the rude state of society, 111. The ac-
cumulation of, necessary to the division of
labour, ib. Stock distinguished into two
parts, 112. The general stock of a coun-
try or society explained, 113. Houses, ib.
Improved land, ib. Personal abilities, ib.
Money and provisions, 114.
Raw mate-

rials and manufactured goods, ib.

Stock of

Stockings, why cheaply manufactured in Scot
land, 49. When first introduced into Eng.
land, 104.

Stone quarries, their value depends on situa-
tion, 69, 74.

Stones, precious, of no use but for ornament,
and how the price of, is regulated, 78. The
most abundant mines, would add little to
the wealth of the world, ib.
Subordination, how introduced into society
297. Personal qualifications, ib. Age and
fortune, ib. Birth, 298. Birth and for-
tune two great sources of personal distinc-
tion, ib.

Subsidy, old, in the English customs, the draw.
backs upon, 203 Origin and import of the
term, 372.

66, 159. Drawbacks on the importation of,
from England, 204. Might be cultivated
by the drill-plough, instead of all hand-la-
bour by slaves, 241. A proper subject for
taxation, as an article sold at monopoly
price, 378.

Sumptuary laws superfluous restraints on the
common people, 142.

Surinam, present state of the Dutch colony
there, 234.

Switzerland, establishment of the Reformation
in Berne and Zurich, 338. The clergy there
zealous and industrious, 342. Taxes how
paid there, 359, 363.

T

Taille, in France, the nature of that tax, and
its operation, explained, 161.
Talents, natural, not so various in different
men as is supposed, 7.
Tartars, their manner of conducting war, 289.

Their invasions dreadful, ib.
Tavernier, his account of the diamond mines
of Golconda and Visiapour, 73.
Tares, the origin of, under the feudal govern
ment, 162. The sources from whence they
must arise, 347. Unequal taxes, ib. Ought
to be clear and certain, ib. Ought to be
levied at the times most convenient for pay-
ment, ib. Ought to take as little as possi
ble out of the pockets of the people more
than is brought into the public treasury. 348

rope, 66. Not so profitable an article of
cultivation in the West Indies as sugar, ib.
The amount and course of the British trade
with, explained, 153. The whole duty upon,
drawn back on exportation, 204. Conse.
quences of the exclusive trade Britain en-
joys with Maryland and Virginia in this ar-
ticle, 244.

How they may be made more burdensome Tobacco, the culture of, why restrained in Eu-
to the people than beneficial to the sove-
reign, ib.
The land-tax of Great Britain,
ib. Land-tax of Venice, 349. Improve-
ments suggested for a land-tax, ib. Mode
of assessing the land-tax in Prussia, 351.
Tithes a very unequal tax, and a discour-
agement to improvement, 352. Operation
of tax on house rent, payable by the tenant,
354. A proportionable tax on houses the
best source of revenue, 355. How far the
revenue from stock is a proper object of tax-
ation, 357. Whether interest of money is
proper for taxation, ib. How taxes are paid
at Hamburgh, 339. In Switzerland, ib.
Taxes upon particular employments, ib.
Poll-taxes, 362. Taxes badges of liberty,
ib. Taxes upon the transfer of property,
362. Stamp duties, 363. On whom the
several kinds of taxes principally fall, 364.
Taxes upon the wages of labour, 365. Capi-
tation taxes, 367. Taxes upon consumable
commodities, 368. Upon necessaries, ib.
Upon luxuries, ib. Principal necessaries

Tolls, for passage over roads, bridges, and na
vigable canals, the equity of, shewn, 303.
Upon carriages of luxury, ought to be high-
er than upon carriages of utility, ib. The
management of turnpikes often an object of
just complaint, 304. Why government
ought not to have the managment of turn-
pikes, ib., 379.

taxed, 369. Absurdities in taxation, 370.
Different parts of Europe very highly taxed,
ib. Two different methods of taxing con-
sumable commodities, ib. Sir Matthew
Decker's scheme of taxation considered, 371.
Excise and customs, ib. Taxation some-
times not an instrument of revenue, but of
monopoly, 373. Improvements of the cus-
toms suggested, 374. Taxes paid in the
price of a commodity little adverted to, 379,
380. On luxuries, the good and bad pro-
perties of, ib. Bad effects of farming them
out, 383. How the finances of France might
ve reformed, 384. French and English
taxations compared, ib. New taxes always
generate discontent, 391, 392. How far
the British system of taxation might be ap-
plicable to all the different provinces of the
empire, 397. Such a plan might speedily
discharge the national debt, 399.

Tonnage and poundage, origin of those duties,

$72.

Tontine in the French finances, what, with the
derivation of the name, 390.

Towns, the places where industry is most pro-
fitably exerted, 53. The spirit of combination
prevalent among manufacturers, ib., 54. Ac-
cording to what circumstances the general
character of the inhabitants as to industry is
formed, 137. The reciprocal nature of the
trade between them and the country explain-
ed, 155. Subsist on the surplus produce of
the country, ib. How first formed, 156. Are
continual fairs, ib. The original poverty and
servile state of the inhabitants of, 162. Their
early exemptions and privileges, how ob.
tained, ib. The inhabitants of, obtained
liberty much earlier than the occupiers
of land in the country, 163. Origin of free
burghs, ib. Origin of corporations, ib.
Why allowed to form militia, 164. How
the increase and riches of commercial towns
contributed to the improvement of the
countries to which they belonged, 167.
Trade, double interest deemed a reasonable
mercantile profit in, 40. Four general clas-
ses of, equally necessary to, and dependent
on, each other, 47. Wholesale, three dif
ferent sorts of, 151. The different returns
of home and foreign trade, ib. The nature
and operation of the carrying trade examin-
ed, 152. The principles of foreign trade
examined, 153. The trade between town
and country explained, 155. Original po-
verty and servile state of the inhabitants of
towns under feudal government, 162. Ex-
emptions and privileges granted to them, ib.
Extension of commerce by rude nations sel-
ling their own raw produce for the manu
factures of more civilized countries, 165. Its
salutary effects on the government and man-
ners of a country, 167. Subverted the feudal
authority, 168. The independence of trades-
men and artizans explained, 169. The capi-
tals acquired by, very precarious, until some
part has been realized by the cultivation and
improvement of land, 172. Over-trading, the
cause of complaints of the scarcity of money,
176. The importation of gold and silver
not the principal benefit derived from foreign
trade, 181. Effect produced in trade and

Tea, great importation and consumption of
that drug in Britain, 86.
Teachers in Universities, tendency of endow
ments to diminish their application, 319. The
jurisdictions to which they are subject little
calculated to quicken their diligence, ib.
Are frequently obliged to gain protection by
servility, ib. Defects in their establishments,
ib., 320. Teachers among the ancient
Greeks and Romans superior to those of
modern times, 326. Circumstances which
draw good ones to, or drain them from, the
universities, 340. Their employment na-
turally renders them eminent in letters, 341.
Tenures, feudal, general observations on, 137.
Described, 157.

Theology, monkish, the complexion of, 323.
Thoulouse, salary paid to counsellor or judge
in the parliament of, 301.

Tin, average rent of the mines of in Cornwall,

71. Yield a greater profit to the proprietors
than the silver mines of Peru, ib., 72. Re-
gulations under which tin mines are worked,
ib.