Understanding Constitutional Law

abortion action activities allowed applied appointed approach argued authority Board burden challenge Chief Justice citizens City civil claim Clause commerce concerned concurring Congress Congressional considered constitutional Court held criminal decision defendant determine discrimination discussed dissent district due process economic effect enforcement equal protection established executive exercise existence expression extended fact federal finding forces Fourteenth Amendment fundamental grant grounds holding immunity important imposed individual interest invalidated involved issue judicial legislative liberty limited majority means minority nature necessary noted officers opinion parents particular party permit persons political present President procedural prohibited question racial reasonable refused regulation rejected religion religious restrictions result rule scrutiny separate specific speech standard statute substantial Supreme Court United upheld violated vote White York