1775 1776. 1777. 1778. 1779. 1780. 1781. 1783. SUMMARY. CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION.-The measures on the part of England to monopolize all trade with her colonies, to stifle all manufacturing in them, and to impose taxes upon them without their consent were the primary causes of the Revolution. The immediate causes were the " Stamp Act" and the "Tea Tax." The "Boston Massacre" (1770), the "Boston Tea Party" (1773), the "Boston Port Bill" (1774), and the "First Continental Congress" (1774), were the principal preliminary incidents. The battle of Lexington, the capture of Ticonderoga, the elec tion of Washington to the command of the army, the battle of Bunker Hill, and Montgomery's defeat in Canada, were the principal events of the first year of the war. The evacuation of Boston by the British, their defeat before Charleston, the Declaration of Independence, the battle of Long Island with its disastrous consequences, and Washington's success at Trenton, were the events of the second year. Washington's success at Princeton, Burgoyne's invasion with its checks at Bennington and on the Mohawk, and his final surrender, Washington's defeat at Brandywine, and the British occupation of Philadelphia, were the events of the third year. The acknowledgment by France of the independence of the United States, the British evacuation of Philadelphia, the battle of Monmouth, the Massacre of Wyoming," and the British capture of Savannah, were the events of the fourth year. " Wayne's capture of Stony Point, Sullivan's expedition against the Indians, Paul Jones's victory, and the repulse of the Americans at Savannah, were the events of the fifth year. The loss of Charleston, Gates's defeat in South Carolina, and "Arnold's Treason," were the events of the sixth year. Morgan's victory at the Cowpens, the contest between Greene and Cornwallis in the Carolinas, and the surrender of Cornwallis, were the events of the seventh year. The treaty of peace; the British evacuation of Savannah, New York, and Charleston; and Washington's resignation of his command, were the closing events of the war. MODEL FOR A WRITTEN EXERCISE, NO. 2. (The date of an important event may be taken as a turning-point. Then arrange on the one side of it the train of cause-events, and on the other the train of result-events). Causes. 1777. Results. THE SURRENDER OF BURGOYNE. Burgoyne invades New York. He captures Crown Point and Ticonderoga. His expeditions against Fort Schuyler and Bennington end in failure. He is defeated in the two battles of Stillwater. BURGOYNE SURRENDERS TO GATES (OCT. 17). Ticonderoga, with all the northern part of New York, is recovered by the Americans. France acknowledges the independence of and forms an alliance with the United States, etc. Topical Review. TOPICS FOR REVIEW. (See the hints and directions, p. 49.) BIOGRAPHICAL. - 181 Benj. Franklin. (See Bigelow's Life of Franklin, also Parton's.) 115-161 John Adams. (See Life and Times of John Adams by his grand son, Charles Francis Adams.) Benedict Arnold. (See Sparks's Life of Arnold.) 131, 139, 146 141-174 Gen. Israel Putnam. (See Tarbox's Life of Putnam, also Peabody's in Sparks's "American Biography.") 135, 188 Gen. Joseph Warren. (See A. H. Everett's Life of Warren in Ethan Allen. (See Sparks's Life of Ethan Allen in his "Amer- U.S.) 140, 141 135, 141 (note). 129, 132, 146, 147 (note). John Hancock. (See Bancroft's History U. 152-172 135, 151 (note)-174 Gen. Philip Schuyler. (See Lossing's Life of Schuyler.) 140-159 135-158 Gen. Horatio Gates was born in England. 159-172 Paul Jones. (See Parton's Life of Franklin, Vol. II.; also Sherburne's Life of Paul Jones; also Miss Taylor's.) Gen. Anthony Wayne. (See Armstrong's Life of Wayne in Gen. Marion. (See Simms's Life of Marion.) Causes of the Revolution...125-131 Exp'n against Philadelphia 153, 154 SECTION IV. THE CONSTITUTIONAL PERIOD. Washington's Administration. 1. THE first Congress, under the Constitution, ought to have met at New York on rival of its members, the most of whom had to make their way on horseback or by sea, a quorum was not secured before the 30th. On counting the votes which had been cast by the state electors, it was found that all of them had been given for Washington. He was consequently declared WASHINGTON. the president elect of the United States, and a message was at once sent to Mount Vernon to inform him of his election. 1 2. " Washington desired to proceed to New York in the most quiet manner, but the flow of veneration and gratitude could not be suppressed." In Maryland and Pennsylvania he 1 66 'Washington received sixty-nine votes, that being the whole number of electors voting. John Adams received thirty-four votes in all, not a majority, but sufficient, as the Constitution then stood, being the second highest number, to make him vice-president," 1789 Inauguration of Washington. 183 was publicly welcomed and entertained. "Ascending the left bank of the Delaware, he crossed into New Jersey. The people of Trenton remembered the battles fought Inauguration in their neighborhood twelve years before, and if of. Washington. his reception at other places was more splendid, nowhere was it so graceful and touching. On the bridge across the river which flows through the town into the Delaware, the same bridge across which Washington had retreated before Cornwallis's army on the eve of the battle of Princeton, a triumphal arch had been erected, supported on thirteen pillars, twined with evergreens, flowers, and laurel. Beneath this arch, which bore for inscription The Defender of the Mothers will be the Protector of the Daughters,' were assembled a party of matrons, mixed with young girls dressed in white, who were holding baskets of flowers in their hands. As Washington approached they began to sing a little ode prepared for the occasion, and, suiting the action to the words, they ended the chant in strewing their flowers before him. 3. As the new Federal Hall in New York was not yet finished, a week elapsed before preparations were completed for administering to the president elect the oath of office. The place selected for that purpose was the outer gallery or balcony of the Senate Chamber, visible for a long distance down Broad Street, which it fronted, thus affording opportunity to witness the ceremony to a large number of eager spectators. At nine o'clock all the churches in the city were opened for prayer and religious services. A little after noon the president elect left his house escorted by the city cavalry, and followed by a long procession of citizens. 4. Having entered the Senate Chamber, where the two houses were assembled to receive him, he was conducted to an elevated seat at the head of the room. After a momentary silence, all being seated, the vice-president, John Adams, rose and stated to the president elect that all was ready for the administration of the oath, whenever he was prepared to receive it. Upon this intimation Washington proceeded to the balcony, followed by the senators and representatives. The oath was administered by the Chancellor of New York, Robert R. Livingston. As he finished the ceremony he exclaimed aloud, Long live George Washington, President of the United States' to which the assembled multitude responded in long and enthusiastic shouts, and all the bells in the city rang out a joyful peal (April 30).” measures. 5. On assuming the duties of president, Washington called to his aid, as his cabinet, or body of advisers, the ablest men in the country that he could select. Thomas Jefferson was chosen Secretary of State; Alexander Hamilton, The first Secretary of the Treasury; and Henry Knox, Secretary of War. Edmund Randolph was also appointed Attorney-General. The first great difficulty was to provide for the payment of the debts incurred in carrying on the late war. A plan was proposed by Hamilton, who, said Daniel Webster, many years after, "smote the rock of the national resources, and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth. He touched the dead corpse of the public credit, and it sprung upon its feet." All the war debts of the States were assumed by the general government. Ample provision was made for the payment of all just claims. Commerce began to flourish. The American flag was soon seen on every sea. A national bank and mint were established (1791). The Ship of State was fairly launched. 6. North Carolina and Rhode Island were the last to adopt the Constitution. The first admission to the Union was of Vermont. The people of that part of our country had been The 14th long knocking at the door of Congress for admisState. sion, but New York objected. The Vermont territory had been claimed by both New York and New Hampshire; but, as the governors of the latter in colonial times had disposed of a large portion of the land in numerous tracts, known as the "New Hampshire Grants," and, as New York's claim had been confirmed by the crown, what was left to |