The Educator-journal

1. Instinctive reactions are a part of our They racial inheritance. are natural aids to the organism in adjusting itself to its environment. Reactions which are repeated tend to become automatic. We then speak of them as habits. Educational development is determined in a measure by one's ability to overlay instinctive reactions with habitual reactions that conform to social standards of today. Thus education consists largely in selecting the right reactions and fixing them in the life of the child as habits.

precedes

2. "Skill in thought-acquiring skill in thought conveying," consequently silent reading must precede oral reading if the oral reading is to be other than mechanical. Reading might be considered as a tool to be used as occasion demands. Most of the "occasions" for reading demand silent reading, therefore silent reading is of greater importance than oral reading.

3. The "Trial and Error" method of learning refers to that method of learning which is used when the learner tries this and that form of reaction to a situation, and from the many selects the one best adapted to the end to be attained. The "cut and fit" method of the unskilled carpenter is an example. One great criticism of it as a method is that it is wasteful. Modern scientific management represents the opposite point of view.

4. The use of language is habitual and consequently the teaching of language is based upon the general laws of habit formation. This law as usually stated is: (a) Focalization of consciousness upon the process to be made automatic; (b) attentive repetition of this process; (c) permitting no exceptions until automatism results. The particular situation will determine which phase of the law of habit formation will be emphasized in a given class; e. g.: The teacher in one situation might focalize the consciousness of the children upon the exact form to be corrected; in another this might be followed with a series of devices to provide an opportunity for repetition of the right form. Still another might be the planning of devices for the checking of exceptions.

5. Many modern psychologists assert that writing and the finer forms of motor activities should not be taught until the seventh or eighth year of the child's life. The reason given is that the fundamental motor control develops earlier than the accessory control; i. e.. the large or coarse muscular adjustments only should be relied upon in the earlier years. Advocates of this theory would direct the teacher to have arm movement and large letter forms for the early stages of written work.

and with the most resultant satisfaction, and which is most closely connected with the general set of the mind at the time." The sequence of 8 times 9 is almost sure to call up the thought 72 on account of the frequency with which this sequence has obtained in the past. For a time after a great national disaster, as that of the Titanic, the mind is full of associations which are due to the recency and vividness of the experience.

7. The length of the recitation period is determined by a number of factors, among which might be mentioned the following: (a) The nature of the work in the recitation; (b) the element of fatigue; (c) the actual time at the disposal of the teacher. In general it might be said that the length of the recitation in the first grade is from 10 to 20 minutes, in the fifth grade 15 to 30 minutes. in the eighth from 20 to 40 minutes. However, the time varies with the different subjects and the different types of schools.

8. The basis of morality is proper social adjustment. The recess period is full of social situations which necessitate moral action. Again the recess period affords a setting for many social or moral crises in the life of the individual child. At these times the teacher and pupils have a chance to impress great moral lessons, which function in moral attitudes.

STUDIES IN THE HISTORY OF MODERN EDUCATION, COMMON SCHOOL AND PRIMARY.

1. Comenius believed that knowledge must be acquired through the senses by a contact with things.

2. "The real value of Rousseau's work consisted in calling attention to the children themselves, in emphasizing the principle of growth in child life and hence in education, in showing the necessity of making education bear some relation to the world in which the child lives, and in the introduction of a new principle in method."

3. See 1 above. Pestalozzi considered the problem of education from the viewpoint of the child, and sought a method by the use of which the child be developed in society for the benefit of society, according to the laws of nature.

4. Pestalozzi shows how children should be taught and made to take part in the home life, and how a good administration can improve the moral and social status of the poor.

5. Merely to explain in a dogmatic way some fact gives no assurance of the retention of that fact or of its assimilation into the child's body of knowledge. To assure such results there must be a connection of the new material with old, which connection must be one that has been or is established in conformity with the laws of development.

6. See 5 above. This is another statement of the principle of apperception, namely, that no new experience can be interpreted except

677

Colonization fail in

1. What is scale?

2. When and how did Holland acquire a claim upon territory in North America? 3. State the leading causes of the American Revolution.

4. State some of the weak points of the
Articles of Confederation?

5. What was the Missouri Compromise?
6. Why was the control of the Mississippi
River of such vital importance to the
government in the War for the Union?
7. Write a brief account
Grant's services-military and civil.
of Ulysses S.
8. What were the leading issues
presidential campaign of 1860?
in the

Answers.

1. England stood for Protestantism liberty of conscience.

The

came

and Philip II who stood for oppression and greed. people hated Nearly all the new settlers country to escape some form of dominating to this and they would naturally drift away from Spain. 2. In the 17th century Holland is said to have half the carrying trade of the continent. It would but be natural that there would be some attemp to secure a hold upon some part of America. The Dutch merchants were interested in the East Indian commerce, and Henry Hudson was employed to find a shorter route. Accordingly in August, 1609, he sailed into Delaware Bay and a little later sailed up the Hudson river and laid foundations for the colony of New Amsterdam.

3. (1) Trasportation of prisoners to England for trials. (2) The quartering of troops in the Colonial homes. (3) Taxation without (4) Lack of appreciation by England of colonial effort.

consent.

(2)

4. (1) Lack of an executive power. Lack of national judiciary. (3) Unicameral system of congress.

5. (1) Slavery was restricted to the section of the country south of 36°-30". (2) Maine was admitted. (3) Missouri came in

as a slave State.

6. (1) The river cut the Confederacy into

MUSIC.

A chromatic

a major scale?. Where do the half steps occur in the major scale?

What is a perfect cadence? Illustrate.

4. Write four measures in 3-4 time.

5. What is an accidental?

6. Define bar, measure, rhythm, flat. accent. 7. What is the value of singing and of musical instruction in the schools?

8. What is the meaning and use of a sharp? a flat (b)? a natural?

Answers.

1. Major scales are those in which a major third (interval of four semi-tones) occurs in ascending from the tonic. consists of a succession of semi-tones. A chromatic scale 2.

In the major scale the half steps occur between 3 and 4, and 7 and 8.

A perfect cadence is one which first defines the key, sounding the dominant chord, then passes to the tonic chord, the only ending satisfying to the ear. Drawing required. 2, 5, 7 to 3, 5, 8.

5. An accidental is the sharp, flat, or natural employed to raise, lower, or restore a tone independently of the signature, or sharps and flats grouped after the clef to indicate the key.

measure.

6. The line drawn across the staff to divide the music into portions of equal duration is called the bar. between two bars The portion enclosed is Rhythm is the recurrence of accents at equal called a intervals of time. pression and lowers the letter a half tone. A flat is the sign of deAccent is the stress which recurs at equal intervals of time.

7. There are physical as well as intellectual, cultural. and ethical benefits to be derived from the work in music in the public schools. Good habits of breathing, of position, of articulation, of enunciation, of auditory discrimination, etc., are developed. 8. A sharp raises the pitch of a letter a half tone. A flat lowers the pitch of a letter a half tone. A natural restores a letter to its place in the natural scale.

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INDEX TO VOLUME XII.

A New Apostle of Childhood, 585.

Aley, Robert Judson, 26, 81, 137, 201, 250, 292,

381, 358, 415, 540, 567, 594, 638.

All Year School Plan, 524.

American Public School, The, 87.
Arbor and Bird Day, 429.

Archer, Williamson, 225.

Baker, Josephine Turck, 18, 71, 127, 193, 247, 655.

Baylor, Adelaide Steele, 344.

Book Notices, 107, 161, 221, 275, 612, 332, 387. 445, 555, 670.

Brown, H. B., 460.

Child in the Making, The, 572.

Child Labor vs. School Attendance, 409. Child Study; Its Reason and Promise, 117. Common Errors of the Careless Speaker, 18. Common Errors of the Careful Speaker, 18. Commercial Education, 125.

Convention of the N. E. A. at Chicago, The, 513.

County Teachers' Institutes in Indiana, The, 516.

Cox, Judge Millard F., 190.

Declaration-The National Education Asso-
ciation of the United States, 93.
Definite Standard for Grading Handwriting,
A, 408.

Discussion of Report on Moral Education, 32.
Editorial Department. 26, 81, 137, 201, 250, 292,
358, 415, 482, 532, 594, 638.
Education and Moral Strength, 567.
Education for Law, 381.
Elson, William H., 524.
Engleman, J. O., 466.

English Department, 18, 71, 127, 193, 247, 655.
English in the Grammar Grades. 344.
European Sketches, 350, 399, 462, 528, 635.
Felger, Henry G., 589.

Felmley, David, 30.