producing mechanism of the body.

7. When used in large quantities it injures nearly all the tissues of the body, and when taken habitually, even in small amounts, it leads to the formation of the alcohol habit which is now recognized and treated as a disease.

8. (a) Hasheesh is an astringent and narcotic drug made from the dried leaves and seed capsules of wild hemp. (b) It is chewed or smoked in the East as a means of intoxication.

CIVICS AND HEALTH.

1. Upon what psychological fact is the hygiene of the mind based?

2. "Less harm would be done by tobacco if it were more harmful." Explain this quotation.

3. Why is hygiene and its instruction most effective when reduced to habits of health?

4. Write on the causes and cure of tuberculosis.

5. Should a child be allowed to outgrow adenoids? Why?

6. Write on the cause, results, and remedies of nervousness.

7. Why did the French abandon the Panama Canal? What has made it safe for the Americans?

8. What are the dangers of an unclean mouth?

Answers.

the

1. The law of suggestion is one of strongest in mental therapeutics. The quacks and charlatans take advantage of this in advertising their nostrums.

2. The dangers from the use are so insidious that youth can not "be shown" its harm.

3. When it becomes a habit then the practical results follow. All education is the fixing of correct habits.

4. It is too long for discussing here. See any good text on the subject.

5. No. They should be removed. It is true that some children do outgrow them, but are harmed beyond cure in the process.

6. Strain, over-exertion, anxiety, produce a condition of the nerves which in time will lower the span of life. The best cure is out-door life, some pleasant labor with the hands; keep in touch with nature.

7. The climatic conditions were too much for the labor necessary to complete the job. The sanitary conditions have been improved until now people are happy and contented to stay there.

8. The stomach and digestion will be impaired by the poison from bad teeth.

GEOGRAPHY.

1. Of what use are waterfalls to man? examples.

Give

2. Name and locate the six largest cities in the United States.

3. What is the origin of water in wells? 4. Why is the climate of Alaska milder than that of Labrador?

5. What relation did the Mohawk, Champlain and Hudson valley's have to the early history of New York?

6. Where is the Piedmont belt, and what influence did it have on the early history of the United States?

7. Name the states bordering on the Mississippi river, and the capital of each. 8. What effect does grazing in the forest have on the growth and reproduction of the forest?

Ninety per cent. for correctness of answers; 10 per cent. for quality of English.

their location and growth to water power. 2. New York City, New York; Chicago, Ill1nois; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; St. Louis, Missouri; Boston, Massachusetts; Cleveland, Ohio.

3. The rainfall is disposed of in three ways, -a part of it is evaporated, part forms the rivers and lakes, and a part enters the rock sphere. This third part is known as ground water. If it were all squeezed out of the rocks, there would be enough to cover the entire face of the earth with an ocean of fresh water over 100 feet in depth. This great amount of water is near the surface and may be had by means of wells.

4. In Alaska, the prevailing winds are from over the Pacific ocean, thus an oceanic climate. Labrador receives winds from over the continent, thus a continental climate. Alaska's climate is made mild by the Kurosiwo Drift and Labrador is chilled by the Labrador Drift. The prevailing winds are the more important factors.

5. The Mohawk, Champlain and Hudson valleys are the natural passes from the west and north to the Atlantic seaboard of the United States. In 1777, the English planned to divide the colonies along this line and this made New York a very strategic center. The valleys are marked by such points as Ft. Oswego, Saratoga, Crown Point, Ticonderoga, Albany, West Point, Stony Point, White Plains, Harlem and New York City.

6. The Piedmont belt is a worn-down mountain range between the Blue Ridge and the "fall line." The soil is deep, fine, and fertile and the district is very generally occupied by farms. In the early history of the United States the forested Piedmont belt allowed expansion industrially (not too rapid) just as the ax cleared the way.

7. Louisiana, Baton Rouge; Arkansas, Little Rock; Missouri, Jefferson City; Iowa, Des Moines; Minnesota, St. Paul; Wisconsin, Madison; Illinois, Springfield; Kentucky, Frankfort; Tennessee, Nashville; Mississippi, Jackson City.

8. Grazing prevents the reproduction and growth of forests.

Answers.

1. Sir Walter Scott was born in Edinburg in 1771, and died in 1832. He first became known as a poet and had large and admiring audiences. But finding that Byron, a stronger poet, had entered the field, he turned his attention to fiction and produced a series of romances entirely distinct in excellence and in subject-matter. As it was not known for a long time who the brilliant author of the Waverly romances was, he was called "The Great Unknown." His life was one of prodigious work, made necessary by the financial reverses which marked his publishing ventures. He lived in great state at Abbotsford, entertaining many friends and working desperately to meet his obligations. No doubt his life was shortened by the strain. His

place in literature, both as poet and novelist, is assured.

2. Maggie Tulliver, of whom George Eliot is believed to be the original, is a warm hearted, ambitious, yet morbid girl who finds no one wise and strong enough to direct her. Although a favorite of her father she is only tolerated by the others of the family, for her impetuous ways and many accidents made her a terror to her orderly mother and aunts Even Tom, her brother, scolds though he loves her. Later her impetuosity leads her into a tragic love affair with her cousin's betrothed. This results in misery to the whole family; a misery removed only long after Tom and Maggie have paid the penalty of their misunderstandings and have been removed from this world.

3. Kipling wrote the "Recessional"; Dickens "Bleak House"; Burns, the "Cotter's Saturday Night."

4. The poem is "Snow-Bound"; the author Whittier.

5. The Sermon on the Mount starts with the Blessings; these are followed by the antithetical Woes. Then comes the new law, "Love your enemies." Next is the summing up of the subject in the Golden Rule, which is shown to mean charity in act and thought toward all. The Sermon closes with a simile in which the necessity of a foundation of love is shown.

5. Simile.-Thy soul is like a star. Metaphor.-Thy soul is a star.

Hyperbole.--The tumultous waves smote

the stars.

6. Edgar Allen Poe, Joel Chandler Harris, Bret Harte are writers of short stories. The first wrote "The Gold Bug," the second, "Uncle Remus"; the third, "The Outcasts of Poker Flat."

8. George Eliot represents "psychologic realism." She is intensely in earnest, highly analytical, and inclined to point the moral of her stories at some length. She develops rather than portrays characters, working outward from their hearts to their acts. Instances of this are Tito and Adam Bede. Stevenson, on the contrary, belongs to the romantic school of fiction. He seems to be at play rather than at work when he writes. His style is fascinating in its simplicity and clearness as well as in that something which is the man. His characters are always true to themselves as he first portrays them. stances of this are the old Scotchman in "The Merry Men" and Silver in "Treasure Island."

GRAMMAR.

Hear the truth and bear the truth,

In

And bring the truth to bear on all you are And do, assured that only good comes thence Whate'er the shape good takes.

1. Classify the clauses in the above selection as to form and use.

2. Parse the words in bold-faced type. 3. What is an elliptical sentence?

Answers

1. "Hear the truth," "bear the truth," "bring the truth," are all independent imperative clauses. (That) "you are" and (that) "you do" are adjective clauses, modifying "all." "That only good comes thence" is adverbial clause modifying the participal adyective, "assured." "Whate'er the shape good takes" is a noun clause modifying "good" in the preceding clause.

2. "Do" is the present indicative, second person singular from "do, did, done." It agrees in person and number with its subject "you."

"Only" is an adjective limiting "good." "Thence" is an adverb of place, limiting "comes."

"Whate'er" is an indefinite conjunctive, adjective, modifying "shape."

3. "An elliptical sentence is one that is shortened by omitting one or more words that are not needed to show the meaning, but which must be supplied when the sentence is analyzed." In the above selection "that" or "which" is to be supplied before "you are and do."

4. Compound subject.-The house and garden were sold.

Compound predicate.-The pastor prayed and preached.

Compound object.-We love our homes and our country.

5. "A complement is what must be added to an incomplete verb to give distinct meaning to the sentence." A modifier is not an essential of the sentence but that which qualifies some part in order to express our exact meaning.

In the sentence, "The horse ran swiftly," there is no complement. The sentence is complete when we say "The horse ran." "Swiftly" merely qualifies as to manner.

6. Adverbs of time tell when; now, then. Adverbs of place tell where; here, there. Adverbs of cause tell why: hence, therefore, Adverbs of manner tell how: thus, so.

7. "Education" is a common noun, neuter, third, singular, nominative, subject of "is."

"Is" is a copulative verb from "Am (Be), was, been"; present indicative, third, singular, agreeing with its subject "Education."

"To make" is a verbal noun, the subjective complement of the sentence.

"People" is a common noun, common gender, third person, plural number, objective case, direct object of "to make."

"Do" is the present infinitive, the indirect predicate after "make"; principal parts, "Do, did, done."

common,

4. Write a simple sentence containing (a) a compound subject; (b) a compound predicate; (c) compound object.

5. Explain the difference between a modifier and a complement. In the sentence, The horse ran swiftly is there a complement? Why?

6. Name, define and give examples of four classes of adverbs.

7. Education is to make people do their best. Parse each word in the above sentence. 8. Develop the following topic sentence into a paragraph by giving reasons or proof: Health is of greater importance than wealth.

1. How do you interest children in short memory gems?

2. Which is better, to tell or to read a story to small children? Give reasons for your

answer.

the teacher is free to kindle and be kindled by the inspiration of the story and the audience. She is face to face, eye to eye, and heart to heart with the children. Besides, most people read in a somewhat artificial manner and tend to become absorbed in the printed page.

READING.

1. Name some humorous selections suitable for grammar schools. Name some American writers of humor some of whose work may be used in the grammar schools.

2. Discuss the statement: The child willingly digs his way through words to their meaning, when he finds that he is getting something he likes.

3. Discuss the suggestion: Concentrate attention upon one thing, as upon clearness of articulation at one time, cultivation of the imagination at another time, mastery of thought by silent reading or otherwise at another, etc.

4. Discuss the statement: Good oral reading will be imitated by children, therefore, let them hear it frequently either from the teacher or from the best readers in the class.

5. Discuss the following: As a means of stimulating interest, the teacher, as an exercise preliminary to the use of the books at the seats or in the recitation, may tell without, the book, enough of the story or selection to interest the children.

6. Discuss the following: No man's knowledge ever began, or ever will begin, with reading.

7. Give three good reasons for separating word drills and phonetical analysis from reading proper.

8. Discuss the following: If the word is used first it must be quickly followed by the sentence; the sentence, if introduced first, must be analyzed into words. Every effort should be made to have the child grow to the recognition of the sentence unity and to develop the "sentence sense."

9. Name some of the writers associated with myths, legends, and fables that are suitable for primary schools.

10. Discuss the following: The phonic method deals essentially with the mastery of words, and like the old alphabet method is not a method in reading proper.

Answers.

1. (a) "We et out on the porch," RileySelected parts from Tom Sawyer. (b) L. P. Hall Peterkin Papers, Bang's who has written the "Idiot" books. Mark Twain, Tom Sawyer.

2. Many children will do so. A boy interested in forestry will take up the hard botanical terms and find out the meaning of them or one interested in chemistry will do the same. The children who do dig their way through are generally those who have had interest aroused through some influence aside from reading.

3. That is all right to have concentrated attention upon a definite thing in each lesson or group of lessons but keep in the fringe of consciousness lack of these definite things and in emphasizing the particular one should not ignore the others that have been previously emphasized.

4. The statement is so true that it leaves no room for discussion. If in the beginning there is no good oral reader an appeal to the class in the following way will often develop good readers: "Did you like the way that was read?" "Who would like to read it in a more pleasing manner?"

5. If the teacher be a poor story teller that exercise would kill the interest in selection. If the children have been taught to read understandingly it will be unnecessary. Many teachers do so with good results.

6. The statement is true as we begin to teach the child to learn to read by giving the words and sentences which he already knows. In this beginning work the thought is not new, but the symbols by which the old ideas are expressed, are new.

7. (1) Want the child to read sentence thought, not word. (2) If the words are taught away from the reading proper the reading will be fluent and expressive. (3) In word drill attention is centered in form. In reading proper attention should be centered in thought getting and the form in which the thought is expressed.

8. There does not seem to be room for discussion as the statement is so true. 9. Aesop Fables, Baldwin, Lansing legends. 10. The old A, B, C way of teaching reading gave only the name of the letter. The phonetic method gives the sound value of letters and the difference, when we think of it in connection with the power that is given a beginner by each of these, is apparent. Reading properly does not begin when the child begins to get control of the mechanics of reading, but it begins the minute he gets control, no one claims that word drills, letter spelling, phonetic drills, are properly reading; but it is true that there can be no reading properly done until there is a mastery of the symbols of the language.

SCIENCE OF EDUCATION.

1. In what grades if any should children be required to study their lessons outside of school hours? Give reasons for your an

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

swer.

In what sense is an examination a test of the teacher? What is meant by the psychology of a subject?

When we speak of a correct method of teaching a subject what do we mean? If we speak of the method in the subject what do we mean? Explain fully. What are the advantages and the disadvantages of the country schools as compared with the town and city schools? What is the argument for out-door recesses? For in-door recesses?

Should the presence of the teacher on the playground at recess be required? Why? 9. Name three characteristics of the child mind in the grades. 10. What attention should be paid child's spelling? Why?

Answers.

to

the

4. The method which takes into consideration the nature of the child-mind and the process of assimilating the subject-matter presented to it.

The

5. Different branches appeal to the mind in various ways. The astute teacher must know when and how to present the subject matter. 6. The country school in the hands of a competent teacher has a great advantage, especially with younger children. trouble in the country is to secure this good teacher. The inexperienced young people must begin here. In town the child is distracted with too many conflicting interests which appeal to him. The more seasoned teachers are here, but their tasks are harder. 7. Nearly all the argument is in favor of the out-door recess, especially if good school grounds are available.

8. It is good and wholesome for the child but too hard on the teacher.

9. Vivid imagination.

10. Rigid enforcement of correct spelling. It will last for life.

HOW TO STUDY.

1. Suggest methods of assisting children in finding specific aims for study.

2. What is the real meaning of the term textbook? What is its educational value? 3. Take a literary selection of your Own choosing and show how the ideas are arranged about a certain point.

4. Explain, "Thoroughness is not a purely quantitative matter."

5. What is the real fault in "cramming"? 6. Explain how you would help children in memorizing a prose selection.

7. Discuss individuality as a factor in study. 8 What is a proper estimate of home study?

Answers.

1. In the first place eliminate such subjectmatter as has no direct bearing on the ordinary individual; in the recitation suggest ways in which the knowledge may be applied; in the assignment of the lesson set a definite problem that will bring the school work into relation or touch with the outside world; hold the children responsible for a definite piece of work.

2. A text-book contains much material in available form for the use of the pupil. It stands as a source book for the pupil and its chief value rests in the fact that it furnishes much material for the use of the pupil in his organization of his work.

4. Thoroughness does not mean allness, in the sense that every little detail shall be taken into account. It does mean, however, that in taking into account the details judgment shall be employed in determining relative values in the facts under consideration. It thus becomes qualitative rather than quantitative solely.

5. Such memorizing holds for a comparatively brief time. It holds only up to the time of the examination, and the material then rapidly slips away. There is no intimate connection between the ideas, or assimilation of them.

6. The selection should be studied carefully to get the thought in it and to see this thought in its relations to other thoughts. What is the significance of the subject-matter in hand in its association with other experiences. This comparative study puts the material in such shape that it is easily memorized.

7. The commonly recognized purpose of instruction is acquisition of knowledge rather than development of self. It follows then that there must be made provision for the positive development of individuality in study. "A person must have the courage to assert his rights in intellectual matters, must believe in the worth of his own past, and

1. He is lazy, except in war and chase. At first he trusted the white man implicitly, and when he found himself deceived his trust turned to hate. The incident of the Quakers is the notable exception.

2. England, Jamestown, France, Quebec, Holland, New Amsterdam, Spain, St. Augustine, Sweden Wilmington, Delaware.

3. It had no judiciary. There was no provision for an executive to enforce the work of the simple house in the Continental Congress. 4. Congress, by a two-thirds vote, may propose amendments, or the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States may do the same. These amendments become valid when ratified by three-fourths of the States.

5. Vincennes, territorial capital and Corydon and Indianapolis.

6. (a) Those who went South after the war and used the negro votes to get offices for themselves. (b) The enfranchised negro. (c) The method of bringing back the seceding States into harmony with the U. S. government.

7. Impeachment proceedings are brought by the House of Representatives and the Senate constitutes the jury with the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court as the presiding officer. Two-thirds of the Senate is necessary to establish guilt. In the case of President Johnson, the trial lasted two months and the vote was one short of the necessary two-thirds, therefore Johnson was acquitted.

9. It was the instance of the legislature of South Carolina declaring the national tariff null and void in 1832. President Jackson was equal to the occasion.

°

It is obvious that a discussion of any of the manifold phases of school work must be preluded by a definition. What is it we propose to do when we undertake to educate this child? Plato thought we should de

No. 2

culmination of the old pandemonian ideal, while at the same time in the cloisters and monasteries of the Dark Ages there was developed and worked out a theory which took no thought of the physical man. On the one hand