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University of Iowa, Iowa City. "Attitude of the Western Whigs Toward the Convention System"Charles Manfred Thompson, Champaign, Illinois.

At 8:00 p. m., in the Auditorium, Student Building:

"Factors Influencing the Development
of American Education Before the
Revolution"-Dr. M. W. Jernegan,
Instructor in History, University of
Chicago.

"The Truth About the Battle of Lake
Erie"-Dr. Paul Leland Haworth,
West Newton, Indiana.
Report of the Secretary-Clarence S.
Paine, Lincoln, Nebraska.
Business Meeting: Election of Officers.
Following this session there will be
a reception for women given by the
Women's League of Indiana University
in the west parlors of the Student
Building, and a smoker for men in the
rooms of the Indiana Union in the east

end of the Student Building.
Saturday, May 25, at 9:00 a. m., in the
Auditorium, Student Building:
The Teachers' Section, in Joint Meet-
ing with the History Section of the
Indiana State Teachers' Association.
"The Art of Presentation in Teach-
ing History"-Joseph R. H. Moore,
Instructor in History, Manual Train-
ing High School, Indianapolis.
"A Proposal for the Federation of His-
tory Teachers' Associations"-Carl
E. Pray, Professor of History, State
Normal School, Milwaukee, Wiscon-
sin.

Report of the Committee on the Cer-
tification of High School Teachers of
History Frederic L. Paxson, Pro-
fessor of American History, Uni-
versity of Wisconsin.

Discussion opened by Samuel B. Harding, Professor of European History, Indiana University.

Special Notice!

All unpaid subscriptions to THE EDUCA-
TOR-JOURNAL became due

DECEMBER 1, 1911.

Please make remittances by Registered Letter,
Postal Money Order or by Draft. Address,

THE EDUCATOR-JOURNAL CO.

403 NEWTON CLAYPOOL, INDIANAPOLIS, IND.

State Board
Board Questions for April with Answers.

ARITHMETIC.

1. What argument can you make for shortening the arithmetic course in the grades?

2. What meaning is there in the statement that the fifth and sixth grades are in a transitional period in arithmetic? 3. What will it cost to insure a building worth $9,000 for 2/3 of its value at 4/5%?

4. State how you would teach find quickly:

a child to

33 1/3% of a number; 25% of a number; 81/3% of a number; 37% of a number; 11 1/9% of a number.

5. Define the following terms when used in arithmetic: face, maturity, interest, hypotenuse, denominator.

6. A man gave $4 to be divided among some children but ten more joining the group, the share of each was reduced 2 cents. Find the number of children and the share of each. Solve by Algebra.

7. If A can do a piece of work in 4 days and B 1/3 of it in one day, in what time can they do it together?

8. Find the entire surface and cubical contents of a block of granite 8 ft. by 10 ft., by 12 ft.

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1. Perhaps the best argument for shortening the arithmetic course in the grades, is, that a few good schools are already doing it successfully. Another reason that might be urged is, that much of the matter now taught in the grades might well be omitted, and thus considerable time saved.

2. The fifth and sixth grades may be called the transitional period in arithmetic, because it is in these grades that the young students change from that which has been largely concrete to that which is largely abstract. It is also true that in these grades formal reasoning begins.

3. 2/3 of $9,000.00 is $6,000.00. 1% of $6,000.00 is $60.00. 4/3% is $80.00, the cost of the insurance.

4. I would show that the various per cents mentioned in this problem are respectively 1/3, 1/4, 1/12, 3/8 and 1/9 of 100% It is then easy to show that to get the per cent mentioned, it is only necessary to point off two places and take the fractional parts as indicated.

5. (a) is the amount of money promised to be paid in the note.

(b) is the time when a contract becomes due.

(c) interest is money paid for the use of money.

(d) hypothenuse is the side opposite the right angle in а right angled triangle.

a

(e) a denominator is the lower term of common fraction; that is, the term written beneath the line which designates the fraction.

6. Let x equal the number of children. Let y equal the number of cents received by each.

xy=400

(x+10) (y-2)=400

Combining the first and second equation we have

10y-2x=20 or 5y-x=10 From this equation x=5y-10

If this value of x is substituted in the first equation we have

5y-10y-400=0

(y-10) (5y+40)=0

y=10

x=40

7. A can do 1/4 of the work in one day. 4+= part both can do in one day.

1+12=1 number days required for both to do the work.

8. The surface in square feet is 2×10×12+2×8×12+2×8×10

or 592.

The contents in cubic feet is

8X10X12=960

9. Some rules should be committed because they are definite directions for doing things right. In general it is better to teach reasons and give insight than to require the rules to be committed.

10. I would use a rectangle with commensurable dimensions and divide it into unit squares. I would then show that there were as many rows of squares as units in one dimension, and as many squares in each row as units in the other dimension. It is now evident that the number of squares is equal to the product of the two dimensions.

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1. Of four large rivers rising in the Alps. The Rhine flows northwest into the North sea, the Danube flows southeast into the Black sea, the Po flows southeast into the Adriatic sea and the Rhone flows west then south into the Mediterranean sea.

2. The United States, the United Kingdom. Germany, France, Spain, Algeria and Cuba each have great deposits, and mine large quantities of iron ore, the United States ranking first in the production of iron.

3. Africa abounds in useful and valuable minerals, as iron in Algeria, gold in the Transvaal, diamonds in Cape Colony, together with a great variety of other products in various parts of the continent. Among these are wheat, ivory, rubber, copra and ostrich

feathers. The resources of Africa have not been developed to a great extent because of the backwardness of the people. This condition is largely due to the barrier of desert in the northern part shutting the interior off from easy communication with European

civilization.

The smooth, harboring coasts prevent easy access by sea.

4. Let the examining official decide how interesting and valuable a paragraph may be written on the Nile.

5. On the Thames river, the North sea, Dover strait, the English channel, the Strait of Gibralter, the Mediterranean sea, the Suez canal, the Strait of Bab el Mandeb, the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian sea to the west coast of India.

6. The United States bought the interests of the French company that had undertaken to build the canal under the management of Baron de Lesseps, the engineer and builder of the Suez canal. Sanction of this transaction was sought of the United States of Columbia by the United States and delay was experienced in coming to an agreement, on account of the large amount of money demanded by Columbia. Meanwhile Panama, one of the states of Columbia across whose territory the canal strip runs, seceded from the United States of Columbia. The United States recognized the independence of Panama and received from her directly the cession of a strip of territory ten miles wide across the isthmus, afterward called "The Canal Zone" and the right to build the canal. The canal is located at 80° west longitude and 9° north latitude and is a little over fifty miles long. It is thought that trade between the Atlantic and Gulf ports of the United States and ports on the Pacific coasts, North and South America, Asia and Australia, as well as with the numerous islands of the Pacific, will be greatly increased. The naval defense of the coasts of the United States will be made easier by making possible the quick transfer of vessels from the Atlantic to the Pacific or vice versa in time of war. European commerce with the west coasts of the American continents should also be benfited.

7. Tokyo in Japan; Canton in the southeastern and Peking and Tientsin in the eastern part of China; and Calcutta in eastern Hindustan. Many different lists of Asiatic cities might be given in answer to this question.

8. The industries of Alaska are mining, the catching of fish and their preparation for market, whaling, sealing and the fur trade. Juneau is the capital, the seat of government having been transferred, recently, to place from Sitka.

that

THE TEACHING OF GEOGRAPHY, 1. What is meant by the term "rational geography"?

2. What response has man made to the arid conditions of the Southwest?

3. Suggest ten good exercises in observational geography.

4. Show the industrial adjustments of New England to the geographic influences of that region.

5. Name five books that would be of great service to the teacher of geography. 6. Name some of the industrial activities of the early settlers of Indiana that were responses to the physical environment.

7. Explain how topography is shown by the contour map.

8. Define soil, local or residual soil, transported soil.

Answers.

1. Rational geography is the phase of the subject, in which thorough observation and reasoning the relation of all geographical facts to each other are apprehended. "The

relationship between environmental control and organic response." (Ritter). See page 46, The Teaching of Geography.

2. Man has made use of irrigation, as one response to the arid, climate. He has also introduced hardy and drought resisting plants adapted to such regions and is modifying some of the desert plants to usefulness by crossing, grafting, cultivation and other devices of the husbandman and scientist.

3. Industrial excursions, physiographic field work, weather observations and the study of plant and animal life as well as laboratory and museum work furnish not only tens but hundreds of exercises in observational geography. See Chapters XVIII and XIX, The Teaching of Geography.

4. The manufacturing importance of New England grew out of the geographical influences of abundant rainfall, upon the surface of a mountainous plateau sloping toward the sea, furnishing abundant water power; the eastern edge of this plateau dipping beneath the sea, permitted the drowning of numerous valleys furnishing good harbors along the coast; the shallow off shore banks flooded by the cool waters of Arctic currents are the habitat of cod, mackerel and other excellent fish, giving rise to the fishing industry and the distribution of these products give rise to trade and commerce. Lumbering in Maine, the quarrying of granite in Massachusetts and of marble in Vermont are further examples of industrial adjustments to geographic influences.

5. See Appendix, Page 291, The Teaching of Geography.

6. Many such activities may be named, as the felling of trees, clearing the land, splitting rails, hewing timbers, riving clapboards and house "raisings," examples of woodcraft due to the heavy forests and the absence of saw-mills. Household industries such as the weaving and spinning of wool and flax into cloth for home use are further examples of such activities. Still other examples are flat-boating, steam-boating and stage driving in transportation, the local black-smithy, wagon shop and carding mill the beginning of more general manufac

as

ture, etc.

7. Topography or relief is shown by contour lines. A contour line is a level line. If a person should walk over a region shown in a contour map keeping on the exact position of any particular contour line he would always be at the same height above sea level, if he go from the location of one line to that of another he changes his altitude by the amount of the contour interval which must always be stated in the margin of the map. He may know from the map whether he would go up or down a slope by noting certain heavier contour lines marked with figures to show their altitude. Lines close together show steep slopes. If far apart they show gentle slopes. Slopes may be known by the streams shown in the map. They run down slopes and the land rises as one goes away from them. Bluffs, hills, valleys and other features may be shown by the contour lines and intervals and practice makes the interpretation of the contour map easy.

rock

8. Soil is the loose, disintegrated, material mixed with decayed vegetable matter forming the immediate surface of the land. Local or residual soil lies where it was formed. Transported soil has been brought by some transporting agency as streams, moving ice or the wind from some other place to where it is found. See Chapter XXI. The Teaching of Geography. PHYSIOLOGY AND SCIENTIFIC TEMPER

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3. In what foods does sugar occur? Starch? Fat?

4. What food stuffs are better for the winter season? The summer season? Reasons for answers.

5. What remedy should be applied at once in case of a severed artery? A severed vein?

6. Explain how foods become a part of the body.

7. What effect does alcohol have on the blood vessels?

8. Name two drinks containing a low per cent. of alcohol and two containing a high per cent.

Answers.

1. (a) A system in the body is a definite arrangement of organs.

(b) Circulatory, digestive, and nervous. 2. A tissue is a group of like cells.

3. (a) Cane sugar found in sugar cane and beets; milk sugar found in sweet milk; maltose, a kind of sugar which is made from starch by the action of malt; grape sugar, or dextrose, and fruit sugar, or levulose, both of which are found in fruits and honey.

(b) All green plants form more or less starch, and many of them store it in their leaves, seeds, or roots.

(c) Solid fats are derived chiefly from animals. Butter, lard, tallow, and cream are of the greatest importance as foods. Olive oil and the oil of nuts are obtained from vegetable products. Oatmeal contains also large stores of fat.

4. (a) Meats, especially fat meats, are better for the winter season as they are heat producing. The body needs to keep the temperature sufficiently high to have healthy work done by the organs.

(b) The body needs fruits in the summer because of their cooling effect.

5. (a) Put firm pressure upon the bleeding artery between the wound and the heart. Such pressure is best applied, in case the wound is in the arm or leg, by taking a folded handkerchief, tying a knot in its center, and placing this knot over the artery. Tie it loosely around the limb, but with a good knot. Place a stick under the bandage and twist it around until tight enough to stop the hemorrhage.

(b) A severed vein requires that the patient lie quiet. Raise the bleeding member, and wash the wound with cold or hot, but clean water. Dirty water may introduce bacteria into the wound. Then tie a pad of soft clean linen so as to press firmly upon the injury.

6. After foods have been made available by the processes of digestion, absorption, circulation, and storage they are appropriated by the cells in different parts of the body to become a part of the living tissue. This process is known as assimilation, which is the last event in a series of processes by which oxygen, food materials, and cell protoplasm are brought into close and active relations.

7. Alcohol is a disturbing factor in the circulation as it increases the rate of the heart beat and dilates the capillaries. It causes an accumulation of fat around the heart and within the heart muscle. The use of alcohol also causes a hardening of the walls of the arteries.

8. (a) Malt liquors and wines contain a low per cent of alcohol.

(b) Rum and gin contain a high per cent. Some kinds of the former have over seventy per cent of alcohol.

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1. A metrical romance is a tale of adventure in verse, dealing with the success of some wandering chevalier who overthrows evil knights, Saracens, and giants. One of the most charming of these is "Sir Gawayne and the Green Knight," dating between 1320 and 1330.

2. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans) was born of good peasant stock in Warwickshire, 1819. She spent most of her early life in the country, except for a few terms at school. After her mother's death, her father removed to Coventry, where the daughter met some of the rationalists and adopted their way of thinking. Later, she became sub-editor of the Westminster Review. This led to her acquaintance with George Henry Lewes, with whom she contracted an alliance, since a legal marriage was impossible because of a technicality. Her early literary work appeared in Blackwood's Magazine. Her great works are "Adam Bede." "The Mill on the Floss," and "Silas Marner."

3. Malory's "Morte d'Arthur" was the chief source of Tennyson's material for the "Idylls of the King."

and a work of

4. Five British essayists each are as follows: Bacon-"Of Great Place." Dryden-"An Essay on Dramatic Poesy." Lamb-"Essays of Elia."

Macaulay-"Bacon."

Arnold-"Essays on Criticism."

5. Fortinbras in "Hamlet" appears before us but twice and is spoken of but seldom; yet his character is distinctly a foil to that of Hamlet. He is essentially the man of action who must always be up and doing. For the sake of mere conquest he makes elaborate preparation for war, and marches his troops across Denmark to capture a small and worthless strip of ground. When his astonished gaze falls upon the death scene in the Danish court and he learns that he is the nominee for Denmark's throne, he briefly

says,

"With sorrow I embrace my fortune." quietly takes upon him his unexpected duties, and issues immediate orders which none is rash enough to gainsay.

6. The quotation is from Christ's "Sermon on the Mount," in Matthew.

7. Five present day American novelists and a work of each are given below: John Galsworthy-"The Patrician." Maurice Hewlett-"The Song of Renny." Charles Major-"Dorothy Vernon of Haddon Hall."

Vaughan Kester-"The Prodigal Judge." Mary Johnston-"Sir Mortimer."

8. Portia is in "The Merchant of Venice:" Guinevere and Sir Galahad in "The Idylls of the King;" Priscilla in "The Courtship of Miles Standish."

GRAMMAR.

(90% for correctness of answers; 10% for quality of English.)

1. Define the gender of the noun child in each sentence:

(a) This boy is a good child.
(b) This child is a good boy.

(c) The child by the desk is my niece.
(d) The child is in its cradle.

(e) The child appeared at the window. 2. Analyze: ""The fly on the chariot wheel said, 'See what a dust I raise!'"

3. Write the plurals of the following nouns: Alley, valley, roof, basis, genus, staff, topaz, leaf, hoof, chief, gulf, deer, goose-quill, sun-fish, 1. (abbr. for 'line.') 4. In what respects are the preposition and the conjunctive adverb alike? In what different?

5. Give and illustrate the four uses of the

comma.

6. What tense forms has the infinitive? Why not more?

7. Conjugate the verb prove through the indicative mode.

8. Parse laid, rolling, and gathers:

a. The fat of the body is fuel laid away
for use.

b. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
Language, Primary Only.

9. What do you consider the most serious errors made by teachers in teaching children to use English?

10. To what extent would you separate language-work from the other subjects in the primary grades? Give reasons. Answers.

1. In (a) and (b) "child" is masculine; in (c), feminine; in (d) and (e), common gender.

2. This is a complex sentence. Of the principal clause, "fly" is the simple subject, modified by the adjective "The" and the prepositional phrase, "on the chariot wheel." In this phrase, "wheel" is the leading word, modified by the adjectives "the" and "chariot," and governed by the preposition "on." The simple predicate verb is "said," unmodified. The direct object is the clause, "See what a dust I raise." Of this clause the subject "you," is understood; "see" is the unmodified predicate verb; and "what a dust I raise" is the direct object. It, in turn, has "I" for the unmodified subject, "raise" for the unmodified predicate verb, and "dust" as the direct object modified by the adjective modifiers "what" and "a."

3. The plurals are: alleys, valleys, roofs, bases, genera, staves, topazes, leaves, hoofs, chiefs, gulfs, deer, goose-quills, sunfish, l's.

4. The preposition and the conjunctive adverb are alike in that both are connectives. But the preposition shows the relation between its object and some other word, while the conjunctive adverb shows the relation between sentences or parts sentences. The conjunctive adverb also has the additional power to modify a verb.

of

5. The comma may be used to set off (a) words and phrases of direct address; (b) words, phrases, and clauses of a series; (c) a direct quotation or the parts of one if it is divided; (d) the parts of a sentence that are made up of two or more sentences. Examples:

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sents the action as going on at the time of the verb "shall."

7. See Text Book.

8. "Laid" is the past participle of the verb lay, laid, laid. It is used appositively, as the equivalent of an adjective clause, modifying "fuel."

"rolling" is a participial adjective, descriptive, modifying "stone."

"gathers" is third person, singular number, present, active indicative, from the verb gather, gathered, gathered. It agrees with "stone."

9. The most serious errors made in teaching children to use English are, too early use of technical forms, separation of language work from all other subjects, stress upon incorrect rather than upon correct forms, and incorrect use of English by the teacher.

10. All work in the primary grade is connected with language work. However, exercises in sentence building, oral or written, and drills upon correct forms should also be given separately. The latter may be attractively used in games. This work is too important to be done well incidentally. Besides, the attention such work demands would cause serious digressions and much confusion, if it were attempted in connection with the reading or the story telling.

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What part does imitation play in the teaching of reading?

5.

6.

Discuss the importance of the selection of material in the teaching of reading. Name six good books or stories to be read or told by the teacher to third grade pupils.

7. State briefly your interpretation of "The Courtship of Miles Standish."

8. How much time should be given to "Dramatics" in the reading work? Describe the effects of this work upon the class. Reading, Primary Only. (Answer any four of the above and these two.)

9. What mistake do teachers make in allowing children to imitate directly another's reading? Why is it important that the teacher herself should be a good oral reader?

10. What are the dangers in making the mechanical side of reading more emphatic than the thought side? Answers.

1. The principles involved in the teaching process are the same whether they are applied to the teaching of reading or agriculture.

2. The interpretation of thought expressed in either written or printed symbols. 3. (1) Reading of the selection.

(2) Definition of new or unfamiliar

words.

(3) Finding the pictures contained in the text.

(4) Finding the purpose or theme of the

selection.

4. An important part in conveying either the correct or incorrect sound of words or letters. In the modulation of the voice. In taking a good reading position.

5. The material given in the reading texts help to form the ideals of the children. They arouse or lessen interest in subjects.

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