external to the direct results produced by the acts it excites. It stimulates one to effort much as martial music quickens the step and strengthens the courage of the soldier, inspiring him to do his duty even in the face of grave danger."

An interest is an appreciative response to an object or situation. It interposes between the self as constituted at any time and some object or end which the individual may later attempt to realize because he believes that it is essential to self-realization. In interest the individual responding senses the possible worth or value to him of the object or situation, in furthering the attainment of his ideal or the realization of his projected, larger self.

One's interests (appreciative responses), in any environment, are many. They also vary in intensity, of course, because of the varying worth which different objects seem to possess for any one. As I go through town every morning to my office, I find many things arrest my attention and interest me. As I pass a large real estate office, I may note a property which I am quite familiar with, announced for sale at a "low figure." I am apt to observe the attractive windows of a men's furnishing store and to find myself especially interested in a suit of clothing, pleasing in pattern. and style and right in price. I am almost certain to devote some time to the bookstore show window if a variety of books are on display, and especially if one of them is a new book on education with a promising title from the hand of a recognized leader in education. Each of my responses, whether to the real estate announce

ment, the clothing advertised or the books displayed evidences an intellectual content, a sensing of value and tendencies to action. While an interest is characteristically statical, yet action must follow if one's interest in an object or an end reaches the degree causing him to choose it as a goal for realization. Viewed with reference to its possible outcome, interest is, of course, always potentially active. If one's response to a situation ceases with mere interest, even though it be intense, no progress will be made, for mere interest does not involve the execution of the steps essential to the realization of an end.

Interest and volition fuse in the act of pursuing an end, but the interest is not the action. nor is it ever the goal of one's activity.

"A 2motive is not an external reward conferred at the conclusion of a series of efforts, nor is it merely an appreciative response to an object or situation; but it is a 'gratification contemplated,' operating to cause the efforts of the one desiring it. The distinctive mark of a genuine motive is that the contemplated end is produced by and realized as the result of a series of efforts. It must be borne in mind that the 'gratification contemplated' is always a complex mental product, composed of intellectual and emotional elements and of motor tendencies. Rowe states it well when he 4 says 'it is any definitely recognized ideational, emotional, or volitional tendency.' Our motives then are really a crystallization of all of our tendencies. to action into a series of accepted

2American Education, Oct., 1911, pp. 65 ff.; also N. E. A. Proceedings, 1911. 3See Century Dictionary. 4 Habit Formation, p. 147.

longed-for goals, varying greatly, of course, in their value and importance in advancing life's problems. Each is a power which possesses and permeates one, reaching the fundamental springs of his inner life.

"My experience as a boy on the farm definitely illustrates the operation of a genuine motive. For the work I did in gathering and marketing the butter and eggs, I shared the profits derived from the production and sale of this produce. The profit was the 'gratification contemplated;' it was my goal. It caused my effort and this effort produced the contemplated end (the profit) which served to motivate my acts. Whether one's motive be to earn money, secure a result through a well-written letter, assist his classmates, or delight his parents with a product from his own hands, it operates similarly, generating the effort which, if successful, enables him to realize the longed-for end.

"From the foregoing brief discussion of incentives, interests and motives, it is evident, perhaps, that whereas incentives are superficial and external in relation to one's efforts, motives are fundamental and vital in determining effort; one is proposed to or held before the child to stimulate him, while the other arises out of his own efforts in self-expression and self-realization. Any motive operates as an incentive, but no mere incentive constitutes a genuine motive.

motive is like the ticket which has been stamped, that is validated, and is good until used, unless recalled.' Our interests incline us more or less strongly to do many things, but action in way of realizing them will not occur until we have stamped one or more of them as being good enough for us. The moment I stamp my interest in the educational book I saw in the book store window, it becomes my goal for realization, which goal will generate the series of efforts essential to its realization. While interest lies between my present self and a possible larger self, holding my attention actively upon the projected larger self, motive renders me active in securing for myself the contemplated end which will enlarge me. While there can be no motive without interest, all interests do not result in motives. While a genuine, absorbing interest holds one in rapt, active attention, a definite motive prompts and excites effort, actually moving one to realize the 'gratification. contemplated.'

"In light of the foregoing it is clear, perhaps, perhaps, that motivation is accomplished whenever the student sees sufficient reason or ground for the work he is doing, whenever his effort is directed toward the securing of some contemplated, longed-for end, be it near or remote. As soon as a student decides definitely to accept and pursue an ideal it becomes a motive in his life, which motivates all of the efforts he puts forth in seeking to realize it. His work is motivated then whenever it contributes to the satisfaction of some need he has felt, to the provision of some value he wants, to the supplying of some control he wishes, to the securing of some accepted end, or to the