Press Freedom and the Risk of Libel

14 Phil 37 Phil 59 Phil absolutely privileged accused action administration of justice alleged libelous Amendment Article authority Bustos charges circulation citizens committed Congress Constitution contempt of court court held crime criminal libel criticism defamation defamatory defendant doctrine duty editor express malice fair faith false filed Filipino freedom of speech guilty ibid Iloilo imputation inciting Indonesia Intermediate Appellate Court judge judicial proceedings justifiable ends justifiable motives La Vanguardia Lacsa legislative contempt libelous per se libelous publication liberty license Malaysia malice in fact Manila mass media moral newspaper newspaperman obscenity offense opinion Pancasila person PHILIPPINE PRESS plaintiff President Presidential Decree Press Act press freedom printed privileged communications prohibited prosecution for libel protect provides public officials punishes reputation restrictions Revised Penal Code rule SCRA Section sedition Singapore slander statements statute Supreme Court Thailand trial truth United violation writing