The three principal currents of radical opinion in the United States are exemplified in anarchism, syndicalism and socialism. An examination of the literature published and the speeches delivered by the chiefs of these groups indicates that under the inspiration furnished by the Russian communist party, otherwise known as the Bolsheviki, these leaders have found a common platform upon which they may cooperate for the establishment of a dictatorship of the proletariat in this country. The proletariat is defined as the propertyless class, and more particularly includes the manual laborer who hires no labor. Generally, the term means all wage earners. The anarchists in America include a small but noisy and violent group of malcontents. Their aims and purposes are best defined by Emma Goldman in these words: 'The philosophy of a new social order based on liberty unrestricted by man-made law; the theory that all forms of government rest on violence, and are therefore wrong and harmful as well as unnecessary; the only philosophy which maintains that God, the State and society are non-existent." The anarchist seeks to destroy belief in religion and rights of private property and all forms of government. Our investigation brought to light that the followers of anarchism are comparatively few; that in the philosophy of the I. W. W., they have found an acceptable schedule of action and have gone over to this organization where they see a greater possibility of obtaining immediate results. The second group of radicals are syndicalists. This movement may be defined as a revolutionary industrial union. The word itself is the French equivalent of trade unionism, which must not be confused with the trade union movement in the United States, because it is distinctly different in purpose. Syndicalism is a distinctly revolutionary movement. The syndicalist in the United States and France demands that wealth, pro ductive and distributive, be controlled by various trade unions, to the exclusion of the capitalists and the State. He believes that the state should be destroyed, that the rail (Copyright, Underwood & Underwood) J. C. A. K. Martens whose headquarters was raided by the Lusk legislative committee in New York city. Martens is declared to be the head of the Bolsheviki in this country roads should be owned and controlled by the railway workers, that the coal mines should be owned and operated by the miners' unions; briefly, that the workers should own and control as well as operate all industry. The syndicalist is a believer in direct action to accomplish the overthrow of the present form of government and the substitution of the alleged industrial Utopia all syndicalists dream of. The principal forces of direct action are the general strike and sabotage. The employment of these two forces, the syndicalist believes, will so harass industry as to compel the owners to acquiesce in any demands the workers may make Sabotage simply means the destruction of the machin ery of production. It means that instead of It means that instead of leaving the machines the workers will stay at them and turn out poor work, slow down production and eventually destroy the business of their employers. Sabotage may range all the way from machinery obstruction or destruction to dynamiting, train wrecking and arson. The industrial workers of the world are syndicalists. They recognize a continuous warfare known as class struggle, and they aim to continue this struggle between the workers and employers until industrial democracy is achieved. The I. W. W. movement was begun in the fall of 1904. Their Their aims are set forth in the preamble of an I. W. W. constitution framed in Chicago in 1905, which reads in part: "The working class and the employing class have nothing in common. There can be no peace as long as hunger and want are found among millions of working people, and the few, who make up the employing class, have all the good things of life. "Between the two classes a struggle must go on until the workers of the world organize as a class, take possession of the earth and the machinery of production and abolish the wage system. "The army of production must be organized, not only for the everyday struggle with capitalists, but also to carry on production when capitalism shall have been overthrown. By organizing industrially, we are forming the structure of the new society within the shell of the old." Witnesses called by the committee declared that the I. W. W. threatens a violent revolution, unless it is permitted to carry out its aims. They produced pamphlets containing admissions by exponents of the I. W. W. that its aim is to seize the railroads and other large industrial agencies in the United States. The frame of mind of the I. W. W. is best illustrated by the testimony of John T. Doran at the trial of the United States against William D. Haywood, et al., in Chicago. Doran's statements reproduced by the general defense committee of the I. W. W. in pamphlet, include the following: "We, I. W. W. say: 'Listen: What is the good buying railroads? We don't want to buy railroads. "As a revolutionary organization, the Industrial Workers of the World aim to use any and all tactics that will give the results sought with the least expenditure of time and energy. The tactics used are determined solely by the power of the organization to make good in their use. The question of 'right' and 'wrong' does not concern us. "No terms with an employer are final. All peace, so long as the wage system lasts, is but an armed truce." The attitude of the Industrial Workers of the World toward the American federation of labor is one of extreme antagonism, the testimony taken by the legislative committee shows. The I. W. W. is thoroughly opposed to trade unions. The slogan of the American federation of labor is “A fair day's wage for a fair day's work." The slogan of the I. W. W. is "Abolish the wage system." 66 Hugh Frayne, the noted labor leader, gave the legislative committee a wonderful explanation of the various radical creeds that are breeding discontent in the United States. He advised the committee that the Bolsheviki in Russia are operating along the same lines of action as the I. W. W. aims to operate in this country. He produced a document containing the following statement by Lenine indicating that the theory of Bolshevism was formulated in the United States. "America is a great country, great in technical achievements. Marvelous developments are possible there. The American, Daniel De Leon, first formulated the idea of a soviet government, which grew up in Russia on his idea. Future society will be organized along soviet lines. There will be soviet rather than geographical boundaries for nations." Socialism, the third group of radicals, has been described as a quasi-political party whose principles are closely identified with those of the workers international industrial union, an offshoot of the I. W. W. To understand socialism one must understand the distinction between the I. W. W. and the W. I. I. U. The latter seceded from the I. W. W. a few years ago, but generally its objects are the same, for it aims at the destruction of ownership of private property, but would employ parliamentary methods until such time as direct action offers a prospect of immediate relief. Socialism differs only from the I. W. W. in that it does not openly foment immediate violence to industrial institutions and forms of government. Its organization is much more extensive than the I. W. W.; it recognizes class struggle; advocates a social ownership of the means of production; briefly, it is a more general but less violent revolutionary movement. What is the connection between the radicals in this country and the Bolsheviki in Russia? The legislative committee found a soviet headquarters in New York city, graced and managed by Ludwig C. A. K. Martens, who was styled "the envoy of the Russian soviet government." His headquarters were found to contain documents of the most revolutionary character, and, while he described his work as an effort to establish "commercial relations" between the United States and Russia, he was unable to produce a scintilla of evidence to substantiate the declaration that this was his mission. He claimed to have $200,000,000 available with which to make purchases of supplies in this country for Russia. He cou d not show the committee where he had spent a dollar of this alleged fund. That he was carrying on an extensive propaganda n the interest of Bolshevism in this country, and that the various radical organizations I have described above were one of SCOTLAND'S OLDEST NEWSPAPER A recent issue of the Aberdeen Journal was the twenty thousandth number of that venerable newspaper now the oldest in Scotland. The first issue of the Journal was published on April 18, 1746, and contained an account, by an eyewitness, of the battle of Culloden, fought two days previously. This narrative, however, offended the Jacobites, and James Chalmers, the editor, narrowly escaped falling a victim to their wrath. He was a fellow apprentice of Benjamin Franklin. Another notable incident in the Journal's history was its being publicly burned at the hands of the common hangman in October, 1753 an excellent advertisement," we are told. 64 But perhaps the outstanding event in the career of the newspaper was in 1787, when the Aberdeen Journal was visited by Robert Burns during his northern tour. In the office, on this occasion, Burns met Bishop Skinner, son of the author of "Tullochgorum" and "The Yowie wi' the Crookit Horn," masterpieces of literature, which evoked the admiration of the Ayrshire poet. Afterward Burns and Chalmers (son of the founder) adjourned to the New Inn, where Dr. Johnson also stayed on his way north.- Detroit News. MORE PAY FOR NEW YORK STATE TEACHERS New laws affecting the public schools of the State explained BY DR. THOMAS E. FINEGAN This article by Dr. Finegan, which may be his last before he regularly assumes his duties as State commissioner of education of Pennsylvania, clearly sets forth the important laws enacted at the last session of the legislature in the interest of teachers and the schools. The increase of salaries provided by the new laws for city teachers and for those in the rural districts is plainly and briefly described. The meaning of the new Americanization law is also explained.-EDITOR. T HE three educational measures enacted by the legislature of 1919 which are of the most general interest and importance are the statewide teachers salary law, the Americanization law, and the continuation school law. There were many bills before the legislature which had to do with increasing the salaries of teachers in several parts of the State. While it was very obvious that something must be done in behalf of the teaching force of the State, it appeared to the subcommittee on education and cities, which had been directed to consider the various measures, that none of them adequately met the situation. Therefore, Senator Charles C. Lockwood, on behalf of the sub-committee, of which he was chairman, introduced a bill providing reasonable increases in salary schedules for the city of New York; establishing minimum salaries for teachers in elementary and high schools in the other cities of the State, providing eight annual increments for such teachers to be fixed by boards of education; and increasing the salary of each teacher in the rural schools one hundred dollars. This measure was enacted into law. 1. The kindergarten teachers and teachers of the first eight years of the elementary school course receive a salary of not less than $800 in the following cities: Buffalo, Rochester, Albany, Binghamton, Schenectady, Syracuse, Troy, Utica and Yonkers. These teachers are entitled to receive annual increments for eight years, the amount of which is to be determined by the board of education. 2. In Buffalo and Rochester the initial salary of high school teachers shall be at least $1,200, and in the cities of Albany, Binghamton, Schenectady, Syracuse, Troy, Utica and Yonkers, it shall be at least $1,000. The board of education in each of such cities is given the power to determine the amount of the eight annual increments to which such teachers are entitled. 3. The kindergarten teachers and teachers of the first eight years of the elementary school in the cities of the third class shall receive a salary of at least $720, and the initial salary of high school teachers shall be at least $840. The eight annual increments for these teachers shall also be determined by the board of education. 4. It is further provided that if there are teachers who are not included in the schedules fixed in the law, the board of education shall establish a schedule for them and make provision for their annual increments. The board of education in each city is also charged with the duty of fixing the salary of, and providing for the annual increments for, the A brief outline of the important provisions superintendent of schools and all other emof the law is given below: ployees of the school system. 5. It should be understood that only minimum salaries are provided in this act, and that in cities where larger salaries are paid teachers than those indicated in this measure, such salaries may not be reduced. In such cities a minimum salary may not be fixed at a less sum than that now paid teachers, and the board of education is required to make provision for eight annual increments for the teachers employed. 6. An increase in salary is provided for the rural teachers, as well as those employed in cities. The salary paid teachers employed next year in the districts outside of the cities, shall be increased at least $100 over that which is paid them this year. This means that each teacher in a district having a population of five thousand or more, in each union free school district, and in each rural school district in the State shall receive an increase of $100 in salary. 7. The law carries an appropriation of $5,300,000 of State funds to assist in meeting the additional expense involved in increasing the salaries of the teachers in the State. ure. 8. The principle that education is a State function is clearly illustrated in this measThe State assumes its obligation to protect the teachers in according them reasonable salaries. The measure further provides that the salaries of the employees of the school system shall be determined by the board of education and not by the municipal officers. One of the most immediately pressing educational problems before the State is the adult illiterate. The latest available figures show that there are 597,000 persons in the State who are unable to speak English. Of these, 513,000 are more than 21 years of age and 362,000 are not only unable to speak |