moves a man from any parish where
he chooses to reside, 269; have the
wages of labour kept pace with the
expense of necessaries? 284; against
the opinion that cheap food encourages
idleness, 312; does the cheapness of
spirituous liquors encourage drunken-
ness? 317; on the education of the
lower orders, 327; adduced in refer-
ence to this subject, 339, 340; his
great maxim, that between nations,
as between individuals,-Honesty is
the best policy, 348; his Inquiry re-
commended for study in the conclu-
sion to the Course on Political Eco-
nomy Proper, 458.
Smith, (Charles, author of the Corn
Tracts.) on the proportion of the con-
sumption of the different kinds of
corn to population, i. 219, 220, 368;
ii. 125, 126; his pamphlet adduced
in reference to the population of
England and Wales, 248; as to the
average importation of grain into
Britain, ii. 48; that a third of the
nation did not eat wheaten bread, 58;
his Tracts adduced, 68, 84, 108, 109;
quoted as to the corn importation in
Turkey, 110, 111; adduced as to the
Corn Trade, 114; his Corn Tracts
recommended for study at the close
of the Course on Political Economy
Proper, 459.
Smith, (Sir Thomas,) commemorated
his provision of reserving college
rents in corn, i. 390.
Smith, (William,) adduced in regard to
political expedients for choosing sena-
tors in the States of Maryland and
Kentucky, ii. 433, 434.
Society, organization of, in the ancient
republics, i. 36-38.
"Society for Bettering the Condition of
the Poor," its Reports quoted, ii. 307-
309; referred to, 322, 323.
Sommerville, (Rev. Dr.,) quoted in re-
gard to the Scottish Poor-Laws, ii.
295, seq.
Sovereignty, see Monarchy.
Spain; mistaken policy of its govern-
ment in respect of the stimulus to
population, i. 199, 200.
Spartan Commonwealth, on its nature,
ii. 402.
Spectator, referred to as to the varying
value of the precious metals, i.
Spelman, quoted as to Gavelkind, ii.
Stafford, (W.,) adduced in reference to
Enclosures, i. 135.
Standing Army, origin of, ii. 421.
Stewart, (Col. Matthew,) letter of, con-
taining an account of the destruction
of his father's manuscripts, i. x., seq.
Stewart, (Dugald,) on the composition
of his Lectures on Political Economy,
i. vii., seq.; his relation to Adam
Smith as to these, ix.; loss of the
MSS. of these Lectures, ix., seq.;
how far these Lectures were prepared
for publication by the Author, xi.,
seq.; their contents as so prepared,
xii., seq.; list of MSS. destroyed, ib.;
the character of their contents, xvi. ;
summary of his Course of Political
Economy in its earlier form, xvi., seq.;
how far his own MSS. have been em-
ployed for the present publication, and
how far recourse has been had to the
Notes of auditors, xxi., seq.; in what
extent he employs the term Political
Economy, 9, seq., 16, 21; omissions
from his more recent lectures on this
subject, noticed, 252; a principal aim
of these Lectures is to encourage and
facilitate the study of Smith's In-
quiry, 425; his doctrine in regard to
a circulating medium, 442; his plan
of taxation by a Register of Leases,
ii. 235, 239, 241; doubtful as to the
expediency of withdrawing from the
poor all compulsory legal relief, 277,
279, seq.; obviates objections against
a nimious education of the poor, 337,
338, seq.; recommends various books
on Political Economy Proper, 458, 459.
Stewart, (Miss,) Table of Contents by
her to the volumes of her father's
manuscripts, i. xvi.; her testimonies
touching these manuscripts, 18, 30,
31, 32, et pluries.
Steuart, (Sir James, of Coltness,) adduced
as to the meaning of the term Political
Economy, i. 8, 9; quoted as to the
difference of labour and industry, 36;
referred to as to the unfavourable
influence of poverty on population,
103; as insisting on the distinction
of agriculture as a mere mean of
subsistence, and as a competing trade,
142; in this respect quoted, ib.;
quoted as to the division of properties
in France, 151; as to the encourage-
ment to Agriculture given by cities,
152, seq.; as to the influence of Ma-
nufactures upon Agriculture, 156,
seq., 178; referred to in relation to
the same, 171, 177; quoted as to the
effect of machinery in superseding
labour, 193; shews that a distinction
of the different kinds of population
must be taken into account in esti-
mating the prosperity of a nation,
from the number of its people, 198,
seq.; as against the project of an
exclusive territorial tax, 301; ii. 237;
as to the opinion of Montesquieu in
regard to the variations in the value
of the precious metals, 373, 376, seq;
opposes Hume in relation to this
value, 375; quoted as to the circula-
tion of money, 381, 437, 447; what
regulates prices, 393; his opinions
as to the Corn Trade, ii. 75, seq.; his
oversight as to the limitation of a
price in corn, 137-140; quoted to the
effect that taxes should be always
imposed according to superfluity, 223;
on the fruits and not on the fund,'
224; explains the English land-tax,
228; of the policy of the same tax,
229, 230; on the uncertainty of this
tax, 229; adduced as to the extent
of tithe in Italy, 244; on the Maré-
chal de Vauban's proposal to substi-
tute the Dîme Royale for other taxes,
in France, 246; his Inquiry into the
Principles of Political Economy re-
commended for study in the conclu-
sion of the Course, 458.
Stock, profits of, the two circumstances
affecting, ii. 11.
Stowe, (Mr. John,) on the varying prices
of the different kinds of corn in Eng-
land in the older times, i. 369; quoted
as to the prosperity of England under
James VI., 412.
Strabo, adduced as to the proportions
among the population of a country,
i. 224.
Stuart, (Dr. Gilbert,) quoted as to the
apparent violence in the marriages of
antiquity, i. 75; does he suppress the
testimony of Tacitus in regard to the
prevalence of Polygamy ? 85; his
statements touching Monogamy criti-
cised, ib.; quotes Tacitus as to Ga-
velkind, ii. 199; adduced in regard
to the old valuation of land in Scot-
land, 232.
Succession, in land, laws of, see Entail,
Primogeniture, Land; in the Crown,
no fixed order of, in a despotism, ii.
396, 397.
Suessmilch, (Herr,) his work, The Di-
vine Order, &c., referred to as to the
proportion of the sexes born in Ger-
many, i. 88, 89, quoted in regard to
the Agrarian laws of Rome, 138;
praised, and its contents enumerated
by Hertzberg, 221; praised by Dr.
Price, ib.; referred to as to the pro-
portion of births to inhabitants in
Prussia, 223; that great Treatise on
Population recommended by the
Author in the conclusion of his Lec-
tures on Political Economy Proper,
ii. 458.
Suetonius, referred to touching the Ro-
man laws against celibacy, i. 93;
quoted in regard to the chronic alarm
as part and parcel of the Roman des-
potism, ii. 396.
Suidas, quoted as to the institution of
Marriage by Cecrops, i. 71.
Sustenance, cheaper modes of, to be
urged upon the poor as a mean for the
increase of food, ii. 141, 142; cheap
modes of, in general, as a mean of in-
creasing the supply of food, 142, seq.
Switzerland, good effects of the educa-
tion of the lower orders in, ii. 333,
334.
Symonds, adduced as to the public ma-
gazines of corn in Italy, ii. 62.
TACITUS, quoted as to the modesty of
the ancient Germans, i. 75; as to
their exceptional polygamy, 84; re-
ferred to in regard to the legal dis-
couragements of celibacy among the
Romans, 94; as to the law of succes-
sion among the Germans, ii. 197;
erroneously quoted by Spelman in
regard to Gavelkind, 198, 199; quoted
by Gilbert Stuart as to primogeniture
among the Germans, 199; alluded to
as describing the British and German
pastoral state, 201; quoted as to the
servility of the Roman patricians dis-
gusting even the emperor, 393; la-
ments that his Annals are of so base
a purport, 395; quoted as to the
essential forms of government, 417.
Taille, a tax upon farm tenants in
France, i. 121, seq.; real and per-
sonal, ii. 250, 251.
Taxes, as a burden upon farmers, i. 120,
seq.; establishment of, in England,
under Charles I., 413; on, comprehen-
sively, ii. 211-253; introduction to
the consideration of, 211-224; ends
for which taxes are instituted, 211;
substitute for taxes among ancient
nations, ib.; by modern princes,
211, 212; necessity of, in modern
states, 212; in these, the great object
of Finance, 213; Adam Smith's four
maxims touching, 221; on these
maxims, 221-224; a fifth added by
the Author, 224; different kinds of,
as from three different sources, enu-
merated, 224; taxes upon Land, 225-
247; upon Houses, 247, 248; upon
Profit, 249-251; upon Consumption
are preferable, 251, 252; upon In-
come, 253; exclusive tax on all pro-
perty by Succession proposed; see
Land.
Taylor, (Dr. John, the Civilian,) quoted
as to the seeming violence of the Ro-
man marriage, i. 75, 76; adduced as
affording several authorities for Ro-
man luxury, 147.
Temple, (Sir William,) his comparison
of the state to a pyramid, referred to,
i. 32.
Tenths and Fifteenths, were in England
temporary aids out of personal, not
landed, property, ii. 226.
Terray, (Abbé,) withdrew the freedom
of the corn trade in France, ii. 63.
Territorial Tax, doctrine of the Econo-
mists in relation to, i. 295, seq., 297,
seq.; ii. 221, 237; the advantages
which are by them attributed to such
a tax, 296; expediency of, 297; ad-
vocated by Locke, 298, seq.; by Van-
derlint, 299, seq.; by Asgill, 300;
by Chamberlayne, 300, seq.; by the
elder Mirabeau, 301; ii. 237; by Le
Trosne, 301; by various writers col-
lected by Dupont, ib.; opposed by
Necker, Sir James Steuart, Pinto,
Adam Smith, the Marquis de Casaux,
and by M. Graslin, in his Essai sur la
Richesse, &c., ib., (see also, ii. 237 ;)
the Author holds that its advant-
ages might be attained by a Regis-
ter of Leases, ii. 235, 239, 241. See
Land.
Theophrastus, the word Woman does
not occur in his Characters, i. 56.
Thornton, (Henry,) quoted as to Circula-
tion, i. 431-434, 441, 443-445; as to
the market price of commodities, ii. 7,
seq.; referred to as to the Corn Trade
and Paper Credit of Great Britain,
Thucydides, quoted as to the spirit of
the Athenian government under Peri-
cles, ii. 369; that under him it was
in reality a monarchy, 403; as to the
success of stupidity in democratic
contests, 371.
Tiberius, what he meant in calling spies
and informers the guardians of the
state, ii. 395.
Timber: forced plantation of English
oaks, policy of, ii. 26, seq., 40, seq.
Tithes, as a burden upon Agriculture,
i. 122, seq., ii. 244, seq.
Towns, see Cities.
Townsend, (Rev. Joseph,) adduced in
regard to the mistaken policy of Spain
in the encouragement of population,
i. 199; remarkable quotation, touch-
ing the principle of Population, from
his Dissertation on the Poor-Laws,
206; on the progress of commerce
during the eighteenth century, 238;
referred to as to the quantity of food
necessary for a horse, 250; quoted
against Workhouses, ii. 271, 272.
Trade, ancient and modern, difference
of, i. 38, seq.; on, in general, ii. 3-
210; Freedom of, see Freedom; Bal-
ance of, see Balance.
Trosne, (Le,) adduced in favour of a
territorial tax, i. 301; ii. 242.
Trotter, (Mr. Coutts,) alleged and criti-
cised, i. 450, 451.
Tucker, (Josiah, D.D., Dean of Glou-
cester,) against the Mercantile system,
ii. 33.
Turgot, (M.,) adduced as to the French
Metayer, i. 113; praised, 289, et alibi ;
indistinctness of his definition of pro-
ductive and unproductive labour, 295;
referred to as to the precious metals
being the most convenient substances
for coin, 333, 334; as to the nature
and use of capital, 396, 397; his ser-
vices in emancipating the corn trade
of France, ii. 63, 64; vindicates usury,
157, 193; quoted as to the advantage
of a low rate of interest, 191; as to
the paramount importance of agricul-
tural labour, 196; his opinion against
the liberty of Latter Wills, 204; ad-
duced in favour of a territorial or land-
tax, 237; his Reflections on Riches,
&c., recommended for study in the
conclusion of the Course on Political
Economy Proper, 458.
Turkey, serves as Montesquieu's model
of Despotism, ii. 410.
Turton, (Sir Thomas,) a pamphlet of his
adduced in regard to the importation
of corn, ii. 109.
UNION, Treaty of, between Scotland and
England, Article of, regulating the
proportion of the land-tax to be raised,
in the former country, ii. 234.
Usury and Interest, on their connexion
really and verbally, i. 411; should it
be regulated by law? on, in general,
ii. 146-195; Aristotle's doctrine as to
its morality, 146, seq.; on the meta-
phor of money breeding money, 147;
in its unrestricted signification, in-
cludes all exaction of any interest,
148; abhorrence of usury, or taking
of any interest for money, common to
all forms of religious opinion, 151;
laws against, only aggravate the dis-
tress of the unfortunate, 178, seq.;
in Russia, laws against are a dead
letter, 181; in England, virtual usury
at least is permitted by law in the
case of Drawing and Redrawing, 182;
also in Pawnbroking, 182-186; also in
what is called Bottomry and Respon
dentia, 186; laws against held by the
Author to be impolitic, 184, seq., 190.
See Interest.
Utility, degrees of, as applied to com-
modities, i. 359; the intrinsic utility
of a commodity, what? 360.
VALERIUS Maximus, quoted as to di-
vorce among the Romans, i. 81; as
to the effect of a contumelious joke
on the Roman electors, 144.
Valuation, standard of: according to our
Author, corn, or the ordinary food of
the people, affords the best, i. 361,
362.
Valuations, or Land Surveys, might, the
Author thinks, be accomplished by a
Register of Leases, ii. 239.
Value exchangeable, of everything
manufactured depends on two cir
cumstances, the price of the raw
material, and the price of the labour
expended on it, i. 261; the word
value has two different meanings,
--sometimes expressing utility of a
commodity, (value in use,) sometimes
the power of purchasing other goods,
(value in exchange,) 355, 259; the
accuracy of this distinction canvassed,
ib.; vacillation by authors in the use
of this term, 355, seq.; with what
meaning is it employed by the
Author? 359; value of money used
in two different senses,-either for
the quantity of the precious metals to
be given in exchange for commodities,
or for the proportion between a sum
of money and its interest in the
market, 408, 409; these two modes
of valuing money have little mutual
connexion, 409; their difference has,
however, escaped the attention of
some respectable writers, 409, seq.
Vanderlint, (Jacob,) quoted in regard
to an exclusive territorial tax, i. 299,
seq., (see also, ii. 239;) in favour of
the freedom of commerce, ii. 34, seq.
Vauban, (Maréchal de,) quoted as to the
effects of want on population, i. 103;
his proposal to substitute the Dîme
Royale for the Taille, &c., ii. 246.
Vaughan, (Mr. Rice,) quoted as to the
wages of labour constituting a crite-
rion of real prices, i. 364; as to
wheat affording a standard for the
exchangeable value of money in a
nation, 370.
Vaughan, (Mr. William,) his Treatise
on Commerce referred to, ii. 79.
Venice Venetians, (along with the
Genoese,) originators of the Funding
System, in the sixteenth century, ii.
214; their nobles debarred from trade,
383; constitution of the legislative
senate under the old government,
435.
Villanage, effect of its suppression upon
Population, i. 187, 210, seq.
Virgil, his description of Neptune, calm-
ing the winds and waves applied to
the moral influence of a man in
authority over a popular assembly,
Virtue, what its meaning by Montes-
quieu as the principle of a democracy?
ii. 408.
Vizier, necessity for such a minister in
an Absolute Monarchy, ii. 390.
Voght, (Herr Caspar,) on the expendi-
ture for work-houses in England, ii.
274; alleged as to their management
in Hamburgh, 303-305.
Voltaire, adduced in praise of Galiani,
ii. 66; quoted as to the incompatibi-
lity of original genius with cultivation,
344; as to Montesquieu, 412.
WAGES: have the wages of labour in
England latterly increased? ii. 283, seq.
Wales, (William,) as an antagonist of
Dr. Price, with respect to the pro-
gressive unhealthiness of London, i.
231; on the increasing population of
Great Britain, 234, 235; on the po-
pulation of London, 244.
Wallace, (Robert, D.D.,) adduced as to
increase of population, i. 63; as to
Roman fortunes, 146, 147; quoted as
to government and population, 204,
seq.; how his speculations on this
subject were warped, 211; as to the
proportion of men capable of bearing
arms to the general population of a
country, 224; on the population of
the globe and its several quarters,
232; coincides with Hume in regard
to the value of the precious metals,
373, 374; dissents, however, from his
conclusions, 375; referred to touching
the circulation of money 381; as to
the money value of grain in anti-
quity, 381, 448; his work, On the
Numbers of Mankind, commemorated
in the conclusion of the Course, ii.
458.
Warburton, (Bishop,) quoted against
providing for the Poor by law, ii. 324.
Wargentin, (Herr,) as to the proportion
of the sexes born in Sweden, i. 88;
as to the proportion of annual births
in Sweden, 222.
Waste Lands, Parliamentary Committee
on, first Report of, showing the pro-
gress of Enclosures, i. 239; how they
may be turned to advantage in the
increase of population, ii. 141.
Watchmaking, illustration from, ii. 12,
seq.
Watt, (Robert, M.D.,) his Bibliotheca
Britannica adduced by Editor, i.
202, 275, 326, 333, et alibi.
Wealth, ancient and modern, i. 148.
Wealth, National, a branch of Political
Economy Proper, i. 33, seq.; on, in
general, forming Book II. of Political
Economy Proper, 253; ii. 253; on the
meaning of the phrase, 253.
Webster, (Rev. Dr.,) on the statis-
tics of Scottish population, i. 245,
246.
Wedderburn, (Lord Chancellor Lough-
borough,) quoted in regard to Bills of
Enclosure, i. 136, 137.
West Indies, our colonies in, rate of in-
terest there, i. 417, seq.
Wheat, consumption of, progress of, in
various parts of England and Scot-
land, i. 248, 249; not alone affording
an example of the common food of the
people, 368; ii. 57, 58.
Whitbread, (Samuel, M.P.,) against any
compulsory support of the Poor, ii.
279, 281; on the advantages of Sav-
ings Banks, 313.
Wills, Latter, policy and impolicy of
restraints on, ii. 204, seq., 208-210.
Winchelsea, (Lord,) the advantages of
the potato as an economical article
of food, inculcated by, ii. 142; his
Paper on the Poor referred to, 323.
Witt, (John de,) quoted as to the free-
dom of trade, ii. 18, 19.
Woods and Forests, Reports of the
Commissioners of, ii. 40, seq.
Workhouses, as charitable institutions,
ii. 300-305.
World, see Globe.
Wotton, (Sir Henry,) quoted as to good
laws and a good nature, i. 49.
XENOPHON, his treatise On the Improve-
ment of the Revenue of the State of
Athens, adduced, i. 36, seq.; quoted
as to the division of labour and its
effects, 311, 312; adduced as to the
Athenian republic, ii. 362, 403, 404;
as to the Spartan commonwealth,
402.
YOUNG, (Mr. Arthur,) holds that Popu-
lation should be regarded as subordi-
nate to Agriculture, i. 66; as to the
population of Ireland, 99; as to pota-
toes, the food of the Irish, 101; as to
the comparative universality of mar-
riage in Ireland, 102; quoted in fa-
vour of pasturage, 106-108; against
the impolitic burdens upon Agricul-
ture, 122; referred to in relation to
large farms, 126; in favour of large
farms, 127, 130, 131; quoted as to the
comparative profit of arable and pas-
turing Agriculture, 138; adduced as
to the Roman policy in regard to
Agriculture, 141; quoted as to the
subdivision of properties in France,
148, seq.; as to the influence of Manu-
factures upon Agriculture and Popu-
lation, 158, seq.; as to these in special
reference to France, 163, seq.; to Ire-
land, England, and Italy, 165-167;
his opinion in regard to the pernicious
influence of Manufactures upon Agri-
culture controverted, 168, seq.; ii.
199; his inconsistency in this relation
shewn, 171-178; shews that a dis-
tinction of the different kinds of popu-
|