Political Institutions, must be accommo- dated to the circumstances of a people. ii. 419-421. Political science, has two branches;-the Theory of Government (Politics Pro- per), and Political Economy (Proper), i. 24, 25, 29; study of Politics or Political Philosophy conduces to pub- lic spirit, and is otherwise of advan- tage, 20; ii. 399, 400.
Politicians, Ancient, ignorant of mixed monarchies, ii. 386.
Polybius, referred to as to the price of wheat in antiquity, i. 381; that the government of Rome resembled an aristocracy, ii. 368; quoted as to the three simple forms of government, 413, 415; that the government of Rome resembled all the three forms, 414; in this respect defended against Grotius, 415.
Polygamy compared with Monogamy, in reference to Population, i. 82-92; of two kinds-a plurality of Wives, or a plurality of Husbands, 82; the latter is passed over as a rare anomaly, 84. Poor, the, their maintenance, a branch of Political Economy Proper, i. 47, seq.; how their legal maintenance may be detrimental, 202; great in- crease of, in consequence of the sup- pression of villanage, 210, 211; great number of beggars in Scotland to- wards the close of the seventeenth century, 210; also in England during the sixteenth century, ib.; circum- stances affecting the comfort of the labouring poor, 251; on, in general, ii. 254-326; relief of, an important subject of Political Economy, 255; the transmutation throughout Europe of slavery into villanage, and of vil- lanage into freedom, how it compli- cates the claims of the poor to relief, 256, seq.; emancipation of the lower orders in England, 257; effect of the Reformation in multiplying English paupers, 259; amount of funds ex- pended on the support of, in England, 273, 274; how their relief accom- plished through Benefit Clubs or Friendly Societies, 274, seq.; have they a right to maintenance? 275; is it expedient to abandon their relief to voluntary charity? 275, seq.; plan of a limited assessment for the sup- port of, 278; against such plan of a limited relief, 278, seq.; subsidiary
measures for their relief, 300-326; Charity Workhouses, 300-305; Bene- fit Clubs, 306-313; on their distresses as connected with their evil habits, 313-326; habits of economy, good effects of, 321. See Poor-Laws. Poor, Society for bettering the condi- tion of," its Reports quoted, ii. 307- 309; referred to, 322, 323. Poor-Laws, British, Historical Sketch of, ii. 254-299; English, 254-286; Parliamentary measures against
sturdy begging, 257, 258; for the re- lief of the aged and impotent, 258; Act for the relief of the poor, passed in 1601, the 43d of Elizabeth, con- stituting the foundation of our present poor laws, 261, seq.; Law of Settle- ment enacted 1662, and its effect, 265; its ambiguity, 265, 266; the Scottish political economists de- fended, or excused, on this point by the Author against their English critics, 267, 268; spirit of the English Poor Laws praised, 281, 282; Scot- tish, sketch of, 286-299; contrasted with the English, in that the assess- ments are not compulsory, 287; ear- liest Scottish statutes for support of the poor, 287, seq.
Population, a branch of Political Eco- nomy Proper, i. 31, seq.; on, in gen- eral, forming Book I. of Political Economy Proper, 59-252; considered as an article of Natural History, 60- 66; effect of climate on, 61; progress of, in America, 61, seq.; in Flanders, London, Hindostan, &c., 62, 63; con- sidered as an article of Political Eco- nomy, 67-252; as affected by the Political institutions which regulate the connexion between the Sexes, on, in general, 67-92; Marriage and Concubinage, 67-82; by Monogamy and Polygamy, 82-92; by the state of manners relative to the connexion between the Sexes, 92-97; in relation to celibacy and its counter regulations in the states of antiquity, particularly the Roman, 92-94; in relation to celibacy in modern states, 95, seq.; dependence of, on the means of sub- sistence enjoyed by the people, 98- 211; as dependent on the Notion held in regard to the competent sup- port of a family, 98-112; in this rela- tion comparative view of population in England and in Ireland, 99, seq.; as checked by poverty, 102, seq.; in
connexion with Agriculture, 113-152; in connexion with Manufactures, 152- 183; is the density of, in proportion to the extent of country, a certain index of national prosperity? 198- 211; Author resolves this question in the negative, 198, seq.; instances of a mistaken policy of different coun- tries in this respect, 199, seq.; on the principle of, quoted various authors, 203, seq.; the Author holds less
gloomy views on this subject than Mr. Malthus, and why, 207, seq.; on the means which have been employed to ascertain the state of population in particular instances,-in general, 211- 252; this sought to be estimated from the number of houses-from the quantity of food consumed-and from the amount of births, deaths, and marriages, 212, seq.; statistical au- thors who have attempted such an estimate, adduced, ib.; as estimated by the proportion of births, deaths, and marriages, 220, seq.; comparative value in this estimation of the Bills of Mortality and Registers of Births, 223, 224, seq.; how the population of a country is to be inferred, 225, seq.; considerations to be attended to in our calculations concerning, 227, seq.; population in England and Wales, 242, seq.
Porteous, (Bishop,) quoted as to Educa- tion, i. 50, 51.
Postlethwayt, (Malachi,) his Dictionary
adduced, i. 145; quoted as to the effect of machinery in reference to labour, 195; as to Sir William Petty's Political Arithmetic, 215; as to rate of interest in China, 421. Potato, its nutritive qualities, i. 100, 101, 105; ii. 142, 143. Poverty, though favourable to the pro- duction of population, unfavourable to its maintenance, i. 102, 103. Powers, Legislative, Judicial, and Exe- cutive, ii. 351, 352. Press, see Printing.
Price, (Rev. Dr. Richard,) as to the proportion of the Sexes born in Eng- land, &c., i. 88-90; as to the amount of population in England and Wales, 99, 242; quoted against large farms, 126; against Enclosures, 132, 134; on the character of Dr. Davenant as a political arithmetician, 215; as to the average population of the houses in London, 217; on what principles
the population of a country is to be estimated, 225; his authority as a Political Arithmetician of high ac- count, 227; on the greater mortality of towns compared with that of rural districts, 231; on the actual popula- tion of Great Britain, and its decline before and after 1769, 233; this de- cline controverted, but the opinion excused, 237; on the progress and decline of Agriculture in Great Britain, 238; on the population of London, 244; as to the right and the wrong between him and his opponents, 250, 251; alleged touching the poor, ii. 309.
Prices: Real and Nominal, i. 349-371;
difference between the relative doc- trines of Smith and of our Author, 349, seq.; doctrine of Smith, 350, seq., 357, 358; price and exchange- able value, the doctrine of our Author on, 360, 361; standard of, on our Author's doctrine, 361; how affected by the plenty or scarcity of the pre- cious metals, 371-390; the cost of a commodity, according to Smith, is naturally made up of one or all of these three parts-the price of labour, the rent of land, and the profits of stock and wages, 391, seq.; ii. 5; other circumstances which determine dif- ferent prices, referred to three heads, 391, 392; market prices, principles which determine their variation, ac- cording to Smith, 392, seq.; ii. 6, seq.; according to Sir James Steuart, 393; according to the Author, 393, 395; according to Mr. Boyd, 394; according to Sir Francis Baring, 394, 395; natural, as distinguished from the market, price, ii. 6, seq.; circum- stances which determine the price of commodities, 8, seq.
Primogeniture, effects of, referred to, i. 152; right of, in succession to land, ii. 197, 198, 201; an obstacle to agriculture, 201.
Printing, effect of, on political improve- ment, i. 27, 28, 44; ii. 398. Productive, to what kind of labour most appropriately applied, i. 260; is this epithet applicable to manufactured produce? ib.
Profit, Taxes upon, ii. 249-251; these, on profit in general, 249; on the profit of particular employments, 250, 251. Properties, (Estates,) size of, i. 138-152; in France, 148, seq.; Agrarian Laws
of the Romans in reference to, 138, seq.; effect of these laws upon Agri- culture, 139, seq. Proportions:-between the Sexes-be- tween Births and Deaths-between Marriages and Population, i. 221, seq.
Proverbs on the division of labour, quot- ed from different languages, i. 310,
Provisions, see Food.
Pulteney, (Sir William,) in favour of the project of a limited assessment for the Poor, ii. 278.
Purveyance, as a farm burden, i. 118, seq. Pythagorean; Pseudo-Pythagorean opi- nions referred to as genuine, i. 18.
QUESNAI, (M.,) adduced as to the mean- ing of the term Political Economy, i. 8, 9; his Economical System estimated, 163; his views and those of the Eco- nomists in regard to population, 208, seq.; praised, 289; alleged as to cur- rency, 434;,in favour of an exclusive land-tax, ii. 237. See Economists.
RANKS, established, how they temper the rigour of monarchy, ii. 407. Raynal, (Abbé,) quoted as to the advan- tages of wealth, i. 35; referred to as to the mutual influence of Manufac- tures and Agriculture, 168; adduced as to the kingdom of Siam, ii. 392. References, marks of, explained, i. xxiii. Regrators, laws against, i. 121; who? ii. 55.
Reid, (Dr.,) vindicated Usury before Bentham, ii. 157; quoted to this effect, 185.
Rennel, (Major,) quoted as to the use of cowries as coin, i. 339. Republic or Commonwealth, its corrup- tion Democracy, or more precisely, Ochlocracy, ii. 384.
Respondentia, a species of virtual usury, ii. 186.
Restraints on the commercial intercourse of nations, ii. 22-47. Retz, (Cardinal de,) quoted in reference to a Republic, ii. 362. Ricardo, (Mr.,) quoted, i. 444, 445. Ricaut, (M.,) quoted as to the Ottoman empire, ii. 391, 392.
Rice, in relation to the quantity of food it yields, i. 104; rice countries those
alone in which the effects of a scarcity of grain is to be apprehended, ii. 52. Richelieu, (Cardinal,) his Political Testa- ment referred to by Montesquieu, ii. 410, 411.
Rivière, (M. Mercier de la,) an Econo-
mist, adduced, as praised by Smith, i. 308; his work, On the Natural and Essential Order of Political Societies, recommended for study in the conclu- sion of the Course on Political Eco- nomy, ii. 459.
Robertson, (Mr., of Granton,) as to Scot- tish Statistics, i. 246. Robertson, (Principal,) adduced as to the difference of ancient and modern trade, i. 38, seq.; referred to as to the rise of towns after the fall of the Ro- man Empire, ii. 16; adduced as to the origin of standing armies in modern Europe, 421.
Robertson, (Rev. Dr. James,) adduced
in regard to the size of farms, i. 128; in favour of large farms, 130; as to the garden system of Roman Agri- culture, 140; quoted as to the impor- tation and exportation of corn, 247. Roederer, (Herr,) noticed as a collector of observations touching the proportion between consumption and population, i. 220.
Romans, policy of, in regard to Agricul- ture, i. 138-140, 143, 144; instances of the great wealth of individuals in the Roman State, 147; Roman luxury, ib.; anomalies of prices explained, 448; their laws of succession in land, ii. 197; Roman Republic, on its legis- lative power, 435.
Rose, (Right Honourable George,) ad- duced touching taxes, ii. 217. Rousseau, on the connexion of wants, labour, and intellectual development, i. 309; quoted against the freedom of the English people, ii. 437. Rudeness: Man's rudest state is not his most natural, i. 73, 86.
Rumford, (Benjamin Thomson, Count,) his experiments on nutrition referred to, i. 112; ii. 145; referred to as to the management of the poor in Mu- nich, ii. 305.
SALLUST, on Contempt, as the aristocra- tic feeling of the Roman nobility, ii.
Savings' Banks, (but not so called,) their institution recommended, ii. 313.
Scaliger, (Joseph,) his Epigram on the Marvels of Holland, i. 284. Scotland, progressive population of, i. 245, seq.; state of wealth and manu- factures in, in the more ancient times, 402; rate of interest in, explained, 403; rate of interest in, at different times, 415; laws against engrossers and forestallers, ii. 56; parochial schools of, their history, 328-333. See Poor-Laws.
Seneca, the philosopher, referred to for his opinion in regard to the disad- vantages of wealth, i. 34; quoted as to the facility of Divorce, 82. Sens, (Archbishop of,) his policy in re- gard to the corn trade, ii. 73, 80. Services, a burden due by farm tenants, i. 118, seq.
Servility, owes its origin to principles in human nature of great value, though capable of abuse, ii. 394. Settlement, Law of, see Poor-Laws. Sexes, proportion of, at birth, i. 87-92,
Shakspeare, on the morality of Usury, ii. 147.
Sheffield, (Lord,) a pamphlet of his ad- duced in regard to the importation of corn, ii. 108; as to the amount ex- pended on the relief of the poor in England, 274.
Shuckburgh, (Sir George,) his Table of Prices referred to, ii. 138.
Siam, misery of that kingdom, ii. 392. Sidney, (Algernon,) on Democracy, ii. 356, 357.
Simpson, (Thomas,) his Tables of Mor- tality referred to, i. 227. Sinclair, (Sir John,) adduced as to Sta- tistics, i. 214; as to the statistics of Scotland, 246; statistical blundering of the Scottish clergy, ib. ; quoted as to the wages of labour varying as much in Scotland as in England, ii. 267; his Statistical Account of Scotland quoted touching the Poor-laws, 296-298. Sirach, (Son of,) quoted as to the divi- sion of labour, i. 328, seq.
Size of properties, see Properties; of farms, see Farms.
Smith, (Dr. Adam,) adduced as to the meaning of the term Political Eco- nomy, i. 8, 9; quoted as to manufac- turers, 15; as to education, 50; as to the progress of population in America, 61; as to misery and po- pulation, 78, 102, 103; on the nutri-
tive power of the potato, 100, 105; referred to as to the history of Agri- culture in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, 113; quoted as to the colonus partiarius and metayer, 114; referred to in regard to farm leases, 115; according to him the law securing the longest leases is peculiar to Great Britain, 117; quoted against the impolitic burdens upon Agriculture, 121, seq.; adduced as in favour of large farms, 127; quoted as to the influence of Manufactures upon Agriculture and Population, 157, 170, 175; as to Colbert's injudicious en- couragement of Manufactures at the expense of Husbandry, 162; his censure upon Quesnai and the Eco- nomical System adduced and esti- mated, 163, 179, seq.; on the effect of machinery in superseding manual labour, 193 on the increase of po- pulation in various countries during the last century, and on its conditions, 237; his opinion in regard to the comfort of the labourer controverted, 251, 252; doubt in regard to his criticism of the French Economists, 252; his system contrasted with theirs, in regard to the notion of National Wealth, 253, 255, seq., 294; two circumstances on which, accord- ing to him, the opulence of a country depends,-1° the proportion of the usefully employed to the idle; 2° the skill, dexterity, and economy with which their labour is applied, 256; his opposition to the Economists in regard to the productive powers of manufac- turing industry, 262, his argument, in this respect, controverted by the Author, 263, seq.; how far he and the Economists coincide with respect to the fact on which they both prin- cipally found, that of natural produc- tion, 270, seq.; speaks of agricultural and manufacturing labour as both productive, though not in an equal degree, 271; rejects as inaccurate the term unproductive, as applied by the Economists to manufacturing in- dustry, 272, 279; on his doctrine of productive labour, 279, 280; this doctrine specially considered, 280, seq.; in what countries his doctrine fails of application, 285; his doctrine of the productiveness of labour cor- rected, 286, 287, 290, 294; against the project of an extensive territorial
tax, 301; ii. 237; what is the charac- teristic excellence of his great work? 305; his system and that of the Economists compared, 306; his praise of the Economists, 306, 307: referred to generally on the division of labour, 310, seq.; quoted particularly on the same, 312-316; on the use of machi- nery as a substitute for labour, 316, seq.; Author's criticism of this doc- trine, 317, seq. quoted as apparently borrowing from Mandeville, 323, seq.; his speculation on this subject not erroneous but incomplete, 326, seq.; adduced as to the history of money, 333; quoted as to the intrinsic utility and value of the precious metals, 335; criticism of his opinion on this sub- ject, 335, seq.; doctrine of, touching real and nominal prices, 350, seq., 357, 358; on what principle should the value of money at different times be estimated? 352, seq.; holds that the amount of labour affords the real measure of exchangeable value, 353; this doctrine combated, 353, seq.; his doctrine praised in regard to the comparative value of the precious metals, 375; holds that the quantity of the precious metals may increase in a country from two different causes, 384, 385, 447; Author's dis- sent from Sinith in this respect, 447; on this distinction replies to Hume in regard to banks and paper credit, 385, 388, see also, 431; this, his reasoning, invokes sound principles, and also material mistakes, 388; notices that the rents in England, which have been reserved in corn, maintain their value better than those reserved in money, 390; his doctrine in regard to the component price of commodities, 391, seq.; ii. 5, seq.; has exhausted the doctrine of interest less than most other questions, 398; his opinion in regard to the rate of interest, 399, 400, 417, seq.; to faci- litate the study of his Inquiry is a principal object of the Author in these Lectures, 425; quoted as to the rapidity of circulation, 435; seemed to think that the discovery of the American mines was the sole cause of the proportional diminution in the value of the precious metals, 448; his doctrine on the freedom of trade, ii. 3, seq.; quoted in regard to the industry of towns and of country districts, 15,
seq.; on and against the Commercial or Mercantile system, 22, seq.; ad- duced as to the amount of grain im- ported into Britain, and to the small dependence that should be placed on Political Arithmetic, 48; quoted as to the utility of a rise in the price of grain in seasons of scarcity, 50; asserts that a dearth has never arisen from a combination of corn-dealers, but may arise from the impolitic at- tempts of government to remedy the inconveniences of a scarcity, 51, 52; quoted as to the causes of the frequent dearths formerly prevalent in England, 58; apology for the absurd regulations in reference to the Corn Trade, under almost all governments, 82; quoted from his Theory of Moral Sentiments, 85; as to the advantages of the im- portation of corn, 101, seq.; as to the English laws regarding the im- portation of corn, 107; adduced in regard to the Corn Trade, 114; quoted in regard to the impolicy of bounties, 116; accused by Dr. Gillies of plagiarizing from Aristotle, 148; his opinion in favour of the laws against usury, 160; quoted to the same effect, 168; against the policy of state interference in controlling projects, 171; seems to hold that anti-usurious laws are completely nugatory, 180-188; explains Primo- geniture, 201; quoted on the neces- sity of taxation in modern states, 212; on the political necessity of borrowing in modern times, 214; on the progress of the public debt, 215; on the policy of the English Funding System, 216; adduced against the National Debt, and against the theory of Pinto, 218; his four maxims touching taxation, 221, seq.; his arrangement of the discussion upon taxation under four heads, 224; on the policy of the English land-tax, 228, 229; on the certainty of this tax, 229; on its advantages in general, 231; on the variable land-tax, 235, 236; adduced in regard to valuations of land in various countries of Europe, 241, 242; as to tithes in Bengal, 247; as to a house-tax, 248; against the English Law of Settlement, 266; defended by the Author, on this point, against certain English critics, 267, 268; rightly condemns the Law of Settle- ment, in so far as it arbitrarily re-
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