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Political Institutions, must be accommo-
dated to the circumstances of a people.
ii. 419-421.
Political science, has two branches;-the
Theory of Government (Politics Pro-
per), and Political Economy (Proper),
i. 24, 25, 29; study of Politics or
Political Philosophy conduces to pub-
lic spirit, and is otherwise of advan-
tage, 20; ii. 399, 400.

Politicians, Ancient, ignorant of mixed
monarchies, ii. 386.

Polybius, referred to as to the price of
wheat in antiquity, i. 381; that the
government of Rome resembled an
aristocracy, ii. 368; quoted as to the
three simple forms of government,
413, 415; that the government of
Rome resembled all the three forms,
414; in this respect defended against
Grotius, 415.

Polygamy compared with Monogamy,
in reference to Population, i. 82-92;
of two kinds-a plurality of Wives,
or a plurality of Husbands, 82; the
latter is passed over as a rare anomaly,
84.
Poor, the, their maintenance, a branch
of Political Economy Proper, i. 47,
seq.; how their legal maintenance
may be detrimental, 202; great in-
crease of, in consequence of the sup-
pression of villanage, 210, 211; great
number of beggars in Scotland to-
wards the close of the seventeenth
century, 210; also in England during
the sixteenth century, ib.; circum-
stances affecting the comfort of the
labouring poor, 251; on, in general,
ii. 254-326; relief of, an important
subject of Political Economy, 255;
the transmutation throughout Europe
of slavery into villanage, and of vil-
lanage into freedom, how it compli-
cates the claims of the poor to relief,
256, seq.; emancipation of the lower
orders in England, 257; effect of the
Reformation in multiplying English
paupers, 259; amount of funds ex-
pended on the support of, in England,
273, 274; how their relief accom-
plished through Benefit Clubs or
Friendly Societies, 274, seq.; have
they a right to maintenance? 275; is
it expedient to abandon their relief
to voluntary charity? 275, seq.; plan
of a limited assessment for the sup-
port of, 278; against such plan of a
limited relief, 278, seq.; subsidiary

measures for their relief, 300-326;
Charity Workhouses, 300-305; Bene-
fit Clubs, 306-313; on their distresses
as connected with their evil habits,
313-326; habits of economy, good
effects of, 321. See Poor-Laws.
Poor, Society for bettering the condi-
tion of," its Reports quoted, ii. 307-
309; referred to, 322, 323.
Poor-Laws, British, Historical Sketch
of, ii. 254-299; English, 254-286;
Parliamentary measures against

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sturdy begging, 257, 258; for the re-
lief of the aged and impotent, 258;
Act for the relief of the poor, passed
in 1601, the 43d of Elizabeth, con-
stituting the foundation of our present
poor laws, 261, seq.; Law of Settle-
ment enacted 1662, and its effect,
265; its ambiguity, 265, 266; the
Scottish political economists de-
fended, or excused, on this point by
the Author against their English
critics, 267, 268; spirit of the English
Poor Laws praised, 281, 282; Scot-
tish, sketch of, 286-299; contrasted
with the English, in that the assess-
ments are not compulsory, 287; ear-
liest Scottish statutes for support of
the poor, 287, seq.

Population, a branch of Political Eco-
nomy Proper, i. 31, seq.; on, in gen-
eral, forming Book I. of Political
Economy Proper, 59-252; considered
as an article of Natural History, 60-
66; effect of climate on, 61; progress
of, in America, 61, seq.; in Flanders,
London, Hindostan, &c., 62, 63; con-
sidered as an article of Political Eco-
nomy, 67-252; as affected by the
Political institutions which regulate
the connexion between the Sexes, on,
in general, 67-92; Marriage and
Concubinage, 67-82; by Monogamy
and Polygamy, 82-92; by the state of
manners relative to the connexion
between the Sexes, 92-97; in relation
to celibacy and its counter regulations
in the states of antiquity, particularly
the Roman, 92-94; in relation to
celibacy in modern states, 95, seq.;
dependence of, on the means of sub-
sistence enjoyed by the people, 98-
211; as dependent on the Notion
held in regard to the competent sup-
port of a family, 98-112; in this rela-
tion comparative view of population
in England and in Ireland, 99, seq.;
as checked by poverty, 102, seq.; in

connexion with Agriculture, 113-152;
in connexion with Manufactures, 152-
183; is the density of, in proportion
to the extent of country, a certain
index of national prosperity? 198-
211; Author resolves this question
in the negative, 198, seq.; instances
of a mistaken policy of different coun-
tries in this respect, 199, seq.; on the
principle of, quoted various authors,
203, seq.;
the Author holds less

gloomy views on this subject than
Mr. Malthus, and why, 207, seq.; on
the means which have been employed
to ascertain the state of population in
particular instances,-in general, 211-
252; this sought to be estimated from
the number of houses-from the
quantity of food consumed-and from
the amount of births, deaths, and
marriages, 212, seq.; statistical au-
thors who have attempted such an
estimate, adduced, ib.; as estimated
by the proportion of births, deaths,
and marriages, 220, seq.; comparative
value in this estimation of the Bills
of Mortality and Registers of Births,
223, 224, seq.; how the population of
a country is to be inferred, 225, seq.;
considerations to be attended to in
our calculations concerning, 227, seq.;
population in England and Wales,
242, seq.

Porteous, (Bishop,) quoted as to Educa-
tion, i. 50, 51.

Postlethwayt, (Malachi,) his Dictionary

adduced, i. 145; quoted as to the
effect of machinery in reference to
labour, 195; as to Sir William Petty's
Political Arithmetic, 215; as to rate
of interest in China, 421.
Potato, its nutritive qualities, i. 100,
101, 105; ii. 142, 143.
Poverty, though favourable to the pro-
duction of population, unfavourable to
its maintenance, i. 102, 103.
Powers, Legislative, Judicial, and Exe-
cutive, ii. 351, 352.
Press, see Printing.

Price, (Rev. Dr. Richard,) as to the
proportion of the Sexes born in Eng-
land, &c., i. 88-90; as to the amount
of population in England and Wales,
99, 242; quoted against large farms,
126; against Enclosures, 132, 134;
on the character of Dr. Davenant as
a political arithmetician, 215; as to
the average population of the houses
in London, 217; on what principles

the population of a country is to be
estimated, 225; his authority as a
Political Arithmetician of high ac-
count, 227; on the greater mortality
of towns compared with that of rural
districts, 231; on the actual popula-
tion of Great Britain, and its decline
before and after 1769, 233; this de-
cline controverted, but the opinion
excused, 237; on the progress and
decline of Agriculture in Great Britain,
238; on the population of London,
244; as to the right and the wrong
between him and his opponents, 250,
251; alleged touching the poor, ii.
309.

Prices: Real and Nominal, i. 349-371;

difference between the relative doc-
trines of Smith and of our Author,
349, seq.; doctrine of Smith, 350,
seq., 357, 358; price and exchange-
able value, the doctrine of our Author
on, 360, 361; standard of, on our
Author's doctrine, 361; how affected
by the plenty or scarcity of the pre-
cious metals, 371-390; the cost of a
commodity, according to Smith, is
naturally made up of one or all of these
three parts-the price of labour, the
rent of land, and the profits of stock
and wages, 391, seq.; ii. 5; other
circumstances which determine dif-
ferent prices, referred to three heads,
391, 392; market prices, principles
which determine their variation, ac-
cording to Smith, 392, seq.; ii. 6,
seq.; according to Sir James Steuart,
393; according to the Author, 393,
395; according to Mr. Boyd, 394;
according to Sir Francis Baring, 394,
395; natural, as distinguished from
the market, price, ii. 6, seq.; circum-
stances which determine the price of
commodities, 8, seq.

Primogeniture, effects of, referred to, i.
152; right of, in succession to land,
ii. 197, 198, 201; an obstacle to
agriculture, 201.

Printing, effect of, on political improve-
ment, i. 27, 28, 44; ii. 398.
Productive, to what kind of labour most
appropriately applied, i. 260; is this
epithet applicable to manufactured
produce? ib.

Profit, Taxes upon, ii. 249-251; these, on
profit in general, 249; on the profit of
particular employments, 250, 251.
Properties, (Estates,) size of, i. 138-152;
in France, 148, seq.; Agrarian Laws

of the Romans in reference to, 138,
seq.; effect of these laws upon Agri-
culture, 139, seq.
Proportions:-between the Sexes-be-
tween Births and Deaths-between
Marriages and Population, i. 221,
seq.

Proverbs on the division of labour, quot-
ed from different languages, i. 310,

311.

Provisions, see Food.

Pulteney, (Sir William,) in favour of the
project of a limited assessment for the
Poor, ii. 278.

Purveyance, as a farm burden, i. 118,
seq.
Pythagorean; Pseudo-Pythagorean opi-
nions referred to as genuine, i. 18.

QUESNAI, (M.,) adduced as to the mean-
ing of the term Political Economy, i. 8,
9; his Economical System estimated,
163; his views and those of the Eco-
nomists in regard to population, 208,
seq.; praised, 289; alleged as to cur-
rency, 434;,in favour of an exclusive
land-tax, ii. 237. See Economists.

RANKS, established, how they temper
the rigour of monarchy, ii. 407.
Raynal, (Abbé,) quoted as to the advan-
tages of wealth, i. 35; referred to as
to the mutual influence of Manufac-
tures and Agriculture, 168; adduced
as to the kingdom of Siam, ii. 392.
References, marks of, explained, i. xxiii.
Regrators, laws against, i. 121; who?
ii. 55.

Reid, (Dr.,) vindicated Usury before
Bentham, ii. 157; quoted to this
effect, 185.

Rennel, (Major,) quoted as to the use of
cowries as coin, i. 339.
Republic or Commonwealth, its corrup-
tion Democracy, or more precisely,
Ochlocracy, ii. 384.

Respondentia, a species of virtual usury,
ii. 186.

Restraints on the commercial intercourse
of nations, ii. 22-47.
Retz, (Cardinal de,) quoted in reference
to a Republic, ii. 362.
Ricardo, (Mr.,) quoted, i. 444, 445.
Ricaut, (M.,) quoted as to the Ottoman
empire, ii. 391, 392.

Rice, in relation to the quantity of food
it yields, i. 104; rice countries those

alone in which the effects of a scarcity
of grain is to be apprehended, ii. 52.
Richelieu, (Cardinal,) his Political Testa-
ment referred to by Montesquieu, ii.
410, 411.

Rivière, (M. Mercier de la,) an Econo-

mist, adduced, as praised by Smith, i.
308; his work, On the Natural and
Essential Order of Political Societies,
recommended for study in the conclu-
sion of the Course on Political Eco-
nomy, ii. 459.

Robertson, (Mr., of Granton,) as to Scot-
tish Statistics, i. 246.
Robertson, (Principal,) adduced as to
the difference of ancient and modern
trade, i. 38, seq.; referred to as to the
rise of towns after the fall of the Ro-
man Empire, ii. 16; adduced as to the
origin of standing armies in modern
Europe, 421.

Robertson, (Rev. Dr. James,) adduced

in regard to the size of farms, i. 128;
in favour of large farms, 130; as to
the garden system of Roman Agri-
culture, 140; quoted as to the impor-
tation and exportation of corn, 247.
Roederer, (Herr,) noticed as a collector of
observations touching the proportion
between consumption and population,
i. 220.

Romans, policy of, in regard to Agricul-
ture, i. 138-140, 143, 144; instances
of the great wealth of individuals in
the Roman State, 147; Roman luxury,
ib.; anomalies of prices explained,
448; their laws of succession in land,
ii. 197; Roman Republic, on its legis-
lative power, 435.

Rose, (Right Honourable George,) ad-
duced touching taxes, ii. 217.
Rousseau, on the connexion of wants,
labour, and intellectual development,
i. 309; quoted against the freedom of
the English people, ii. 437.
Rudeness: Man's rudest state is not his
most natural, i. 73, 86.

Rumford, (Benjamin Thomson, Count,)
his experiments on nutrition referred
to, i. 112; ii. 145; referred to as to
the management of the poor in Mu-
nich, ii. 305.

SALLUST, on Contempt, as the aristocra-
tic feeling of the Roman nobility, ii.

382.

Savings' Banks, (but not so called,) their
institution recommended, ii. 313.

Scaliger, (Joseph,) his Epigram on the
Marvels of Holland, i. 284.
Scotland, progressive population of, i.
245, seq.; state of wealth and manu-
factures in, in the more ancient times,
402; rate of interest in, explained,
403; rate of interest in, at different
times, 415; laws against engrossers
and forestallers, ii. 56; parochial
schools of, their history, 328-333. See
Poor-Laws.

Seneca, the philosopher, referred to for
his opinion in regard to the disad-
vantages of wealth, i. 34; quoted as
to the facility of Divorce, 82.
Sens, (Archbishop of,) his policy in re-
gard to the corn trade, ii. 73, 80.
Services, a burden due by farm tenants,
i. 118, seq.

Servility, owes its origin to principles in
human nature of great value, though
capable of abuse, ii. 394.
Settlement, Law of, see Poor-Laws.
Sexes, proportion of, at birth, i. 87-92,

221.

Shakspeare, on the morality of Usury,
ii. 147.

Sheffield, (Lord,) a pamphlet of his ad-
duced in regard to the importation of
corn, ii. 108; as to the amount ex-
pended on the relief of the poor in
England, 274.

Shuckburgh, (Sir George,) his Table of
Prices referred to, ii. 138.

Siam, misery of that kingdom, ii. 392.
Sidney, (Algernon,) on Democracy, ii.
356, 357.

Silesia, see Breslau.

Simpson, (Thomas,) his Tables of Mor-
tality referred to, i. 227.
Sinclair, (Sir John,) adduced as to Sta-
tistics, i. 214; as to the statistics of
Scotland, 246; statistical blundering
of the Scottish clergy, ib. ; quoted as to
the wages of labour varying as much
in Scotland as in England, ii. 267; his
Statistical Account of Scotland quoted
touching the Poor-laws, 296-298.
Sirach, (Son of,) quoted as to the divi-
sion of labour, i. 328, seq.

Size of properties, see Properties; of
farms, see Farms.

Smith, (Dr. Adam,) adduced as to the
meaning of the term Political Eco-
nomy, i. 8, 9; quoted as to manufac-
turers, 15; as to education, 50; as
to the progress of population in
America, 61; as to misery and po-
pulation, 78, 102, 103; on the nutri-

tive power of the potato, 100, 105;
referred to as to the history of Agri-
culture in Europe after the fall of the
Roman Empire, 113; quoted as to
the colonus partiarius and metayer,
114; referred to in regard to farm
leases, 115; according to him the
law securing the longest leases is
peculiar to Great Britain, 117; quoted
against the impolitic burdens upon
Agriculture, 121, seq.; adduced as in
favour of large farms, 127; quoted as
to the influence of Manufactures upon
Agriculture and Population, 157, 170,
175; as to Colbert's injudicious en-
couragement of Manufactures at the
expense of Husbandry, 162; his
censure upon Quesnai and the Eco-
nomical System adduced and esti-
mated, 163, 179, seq.; on the effect
of machinery in superseding manual
labour, 193 on the increase of po-
pulation in various countries during
the last century, and on its conditions,
237; his opinion in regard to the
comfort of the labourer controverted,
251, 252; doubt in regard to his
criticism of the French Economists,
252; his system contrasted with
theirs, in regard to the notion of
National Wealth, 253, 255, seq., 294;
two circumstances on which, accord-
ing to him, the opulence of a country
depends,-1° the proportion of the
usefully employed to the idle; 2° the
skill, dexterity, and economy with
which their labour is applied, 256; his
opposition to the Economists in regard
to the productive powers of manufac-
turing industry, 262, his argument,
in this respect, controverted by the
Author, 263, seq.; how far he and
the Economists coincide with respect
to the fact on which they both prin-
cipally found, that of natural produc-
tion, 270, seq.; speaks of agricultural
and manufacturing labour as both
productive, though not in an equal
degree, 271; rejects as inaccurate
the term unproductive, as applied by
the Economists to manufacturing in-
dustry, 272, 279; on his doctrine of
productive labour, 279, 280; this
doctrine specially considered, 280,
seq.; in what countries his doctrine
fails of application, 285; his doctrine
of the productiveness of labour cor-
rected, 286, 287, 290, 294; against
the project of an extensive territorial

tax, 301; ii. 237; what is the charac-
teristic excellence of his great work?
305; his system and that of the
Economists compared, 306; his praise
of the Economists, 306, 307: referred
to generally on the division of labour,
310, seq.; quoted particularly on the
same, 312-316; on the use of machi-
nery as a substitute for labour, 316,
seq.; Author's criticism of this doc-
trine, 317, seq. quoted as apparently
borrowing from Mandeville, 323, seq.;
his speculation on this subject not
erroneous but incomplete, 326, seq.;
adduced as to the history of money,
333; quoted as to the intrinsic utility
and value of the precious metals, 335;
criticism of his opinion on this sub-
ject, 335, seq.; doctrine of, touching
real and nominal prices, 350, seq.,
357, 358; on what principle should
the value of money at different times
be estimated? 352, seq.; holds that
the amount of labour affords the real
measure of exchangeable value, 353;
this doctrine combated, 353, seq.;
his doctrine praised in regard to the
comparative value of the precious
metals, 375; holds that the quantity
of the precious metals may increase
in a country from two different
causes, 384, 385, 447; Author's dis-
sent from Sinith in this respect, 447;
on this distinction replies to Hume
in regard to banks and paper credit,
385, 388, see also, 431; this, his
reasoning, invokes sound principles,
and also material mistakes, 388;
notices that the rents in England,
which have been reserved in corn,
maintain their value better than those
reserved in money, 390; his doctrine
in regard to the component price of
commodities, 391, seq.; ii. 5, seq.; has
exhausted the doctrine of interest less
than most other questions, 398; his
opinion in regard to the rate of
interest, 399, 400, 417, seq.; to faci-
litate the study of his Inquiry is a
principal object of the Author in
these Lectures, 425; quoted as to
the rapidity of circulation, 435; seemed
to think that the discovery of the
American mines was the sole cause
of the proportional diminution in the
value of the precious metals, 448; his
doctrine on the freedom of trade, ii. 3,
seq.; quoted in regard to the industry
of towns and of country districts, 15,

seq.; on and against the Commercial
or Mercantile system, 22, seq.; ad-
duced as to the amount of grain im-
ported into Britain, and to the small
dependence that should be placed on
Political Arithmetic, 48; quoted as
to the utility of a rise in the price of
grain in seasons of scarcity, 50;
asserts that a dearth has never arisen
from a combination of corn-dealers,
but may arise from the impolitic at-
tempts of government to remedy the
inconveniences of a scarcity, 51, 52;
quoted as to the causes of the frequent
dearths formerly prevalent in England,
58; apology for the absurd regulations
in reference to the Corn Trade, under
almost all governments, 82; quoted
from his Theory of Moral Sentiments,
85; as to the advantages of the im-
portation of corn, 101, seq.; as to
the English laws regarding the im-
portation of corn, 107; adduced in
regard to the Corn Trade, 114;
quoted in regard to the impolicy of
bounties, 116; accused by Dr. Gillies
of plagiarizing from Aristotle, 148;
his opinion in favour of the laws
against usury, 160; quoted to the
same effect, 168; against the policy
of state interference in controlling
projects, 171; seems to hold that
anti-usurious laws are completely
nugatory, 180-188; explains Primo-
geniture, 201; quoted on the neces-
sity of taxation in modern states, 212;
on the political necessity of borrowing
in modern times, 214; on the progress
of the public debt, 215; on the policy
of the English Funding System, 216;
adduced against the National Debt,
and against the theory of Pinto, 218;
his four maxims touching taxation,
221, seq.; his arrangement of the
discussion upon taxation under four
heads, 224; on the policy of the
English land-tax, 228, 229; on the
certainty of this tax, 229; on its
advantages in general, 231; on the
variable land-tax, 235, 236; adduced
in regard to valuations of land in
various countries of Europe, 241, 242;
as to tithes in Bengal, 247; as to a
house-tax, 248; against the English
Law of Settlement, 266; defended
by the Author, on this point, against
certain English critics, 267, 268;
rightly condemns the Law of Settle-
ment, in so far as it arbitrarily re-

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