Gold, silver, &c., the most convenient materials for a circulating medium, i. 333; why, according to Smith, 335; their intrinsic value, as exchangeable commodities, 335, seq.; how, from media of exchange, they came to form the scale of valuation, 344, seq.; the second of these purposes, how far involved in the first, 345; objections to the relative doctrine here main- tained, 345, seq.; how their plenty or scarcity affects price, 371-390. Goldsmith, quoted on the natural su- periority of those who think over those who toil, ii. 379. Government, Theory of, or Politics Pro- per, ii. 351-453; simple forms of, in ge- neral, 351-354; in special, 355-401; in theory, Democracy, Aristocracy, Mon- archy, 352-354; mixed forms of, on, in general, 402-424; on, in special, and particularly of the English Constitu- tion, 424-453; simple forms of, mere theoretical abstractions, 402, 403, seq.; mixed in contrast to simple forms of, 402, seq.; every actual government in reality a mixed government, 403; its spirit varies at different times though its written laws remain unal- tered, 404; no form perfect, and all change in, to be beneficial should be slow, 419; forms of, do not in general take their rise from political wisdom,
Grain, low prices of, in former ages, ex- plained, i. 383, see 381; excessive cheapness of, in 1800, explained, ii. 129, 130; rise in price not proportioned to a deficiency of, 132, seq., compare 84; exportation of, quotation from Howlett's pamphlet touching, 457. Graslin, (M., author of Essai Analy- tique sur la Richesse, &c.,) adduced as against the expediency of an ex- clusive territorial tax, i. 301. Graunt, (Major,) quoted as to the pro- portion of the sexes as born in Eng- land, i. 87.
Gray, his pamphlet on the land tax re- ferred to, ii. 229.
Greeks, their laws of succession, ii. 196, 197.
Gregory, (Rev. George,) quoted as to the spirit of the Athenian govern- ment under Pericles, ii. 369; adduced as to an observation of Tacitus, 395; as to the impossibility of any stable succession in a despotism, 397. Grey, his Essential Principles of the
Wealth of Nations, adduced as to the extent of Commons and Waste Lands in Great Britain, i. 202; his reply to Smith touching the distinction be- tween the labour of artificers and that of menial servants, 275, 278; this distinction improved by the Author, 275, seq.; Smith defended against this author, 278, 279. Gronovius, (John Frederick,) referred to touching the antiquity of Benefit Clubs, ii. 306.
Grose, adduced, ii. 240, 241. Grotius, (Hugo,) quoted as to the Poly- gamy of the Patriarchs, i. 83, 84; his translation of an epigram of Anti- pater, 191; on the foenus nauticum, ii. 187; his criticism of Polybius in regard to the form of the Roman go- vernment redargued, 415.
Ground-rents, are even a more proper object of taxation than the rent of houses, ii. 248.
Guthrie, his History of England quoted as to the rate of interest, i. 412.
HALLES, (Sir David Dalrymple, Lord,) adduced in regard to the old valuation of land in Scotland, ii. 232. Hale, (Sir Matthew,) alleged as to Charity Workhouses, ii. 300. Halley, (Dr. Edmund,) his character as a statistical inquirer, i. 215, seq.; that in a country the proportion of persons able to bear arms is equal to about a fourth of its inhabitants, 223; his observations upon the deficiencies of Sir William Petty's modes of de- ducing population, 226, seq. Hamburgh, maintenance of the poor in, commended, ii. 143; in this city the interest of money free, 157. Hamilton, (Prof. Robert, LL.D.,) on the Funds, ii. 214; referred to, 217. Happiness, the term not employed in the modern acceptation by the Greek writers, i. 56. Harrington, (James,) quoted as to the political wants of the Senate and of the People, ii. 365, 419. Harris, (Mr. James of Salisbury,) re- ferred to on the division of labour and its effects, i. 311.
Harris, (Mr. Joseph,) adduced as to the history of money, i. 333; as to the intrinsic value of the precious metals, 337; as to the precious metals con- stituting the measure of value, 347;
as to his doctrine of value, 355; quoted as to the wages of labour con- stituting the real price of commodi- ties, 365, 366; his doctrine on this point estimated, 366, seq. Harte, (Rev. Walter,) quoted as to Col- bert's injudicious policy, i. 160, seq.; as to the inveteracy of local prejudices among farmers, 181.
Harvest, plenty or scarcity of, should
be annually ascertained by public authority, and by what persons? ii. 131, seq.; rise of price not in propor- tion to a deficiency in grain, 132, seq., compare 84.
Hauterive, (M.,) commemorated as an antagonist of Gentz, ii. 38.
Heeren, (Prof.,) adduced as to ancient and modern trade, i. 39, seq. Helvetius, quoted touching the ignor- ance and stupidity of despotic mon- archs, ii. 390, 391.
Henry, (Robert, D.D.,) quoted as to the
diet of the English people in the fifteenth century, i. 370; his History praised for its statistical information, 371; quoted as to the Scottish paro- chial schools, ii. 328. Herodian, quoted as to the funeral rites of the Roman emperors, ii. 395. Herrenschwand, (Herr,) adduced in favour of large farms, i. 127. Hertzberg, (Baron Von,) his Academi- cal Discourses adduced as to the history of Statistics, i. 214, 221, 223. Hesiod, on the dependence of civilisation (or the arts) on labour, i. 309. Hindostan, its over-population, i. 200. Holland, example of, contrasted with that of China, i. 284; Usury legal throughout the United Netherlands, ii. 157; see Dutch.
Honour, the principle of Monarchy,— what does it mean in the language of Montesquieu? ii. 408.
Horace, quoted as to the institution of Marriage, i. 71, 79.
Horner, (Mr. Francis, framer of the Bullion Report,) alleged, i. 452; re- ferred to touching the Scottish Poor- Laws, ii. 292; a letter of his quoted in regard to Joseph Lancaster and the education of the poor, 341, 342. Houses, Taxes on the Rent of, ii. 247, 248.
Howard, (John, the philanthropist,) ad- duced, ii. 326; on the paucity of criminals in Scotland and in Switzer- land, 333.
Howlett, (Rev. John,) as to the popula- tion of Ireland, i. 99; in favour of large farms, 127, 130; adduced in favour of Enclosures, 133; on the aver- age population of houses in England, 217; against Dr. Price, and in proof of the progressive population of Great Britain, 235, 236; on the progress of British Agriculture, 238, 239; on the population of England and Wales, (bis) 243; on that of London, 244; his pamphlet in answer to Mr. Dirom adduced, 248, seq.; adduced in regard to the exportation of corn, ii. 114, 457; against Kames and Smith in regard to the Law of Settlements, 267; defends this law, 269; against a limited compulsory support of the poor, 278; praises the spirit of the English Poor-Laws, 281, 282; causes of the increase of the English poor, 282, seq.; have the wages of labour increased with the cost of the neces- saries of life? 283, seq.; alleged as to the poor, 309; quotation from his pamphlet on the exportation of grain,
Hume, (David,) quoted as to the end of government, i. 22; as to the great im- provement of monarchical government in modern times, 43, seq.; ii. 400; his opinion referred to in regard to the influence of climate upon Population, 61; quoted as to the pairing of ani- mals and as to marriage, 77; the meaning he attaches to the phrases "principles of nature," and "laws of nature," censured, 78; referred to as to the liberty of Divorce, 80; his Essay on Polygamy and Divorce praised, 91; adduced in favour of Enclosures, 135; quoted as to the in- applicability of the Roman policy touching Agriculture, to the present state of the world, 143; as to Swit- zerland furnishing the most skilful farmers, and the most bungling trades- men in Europe, 153; holds that trade and manufactures are nothing but the public storehouses of labour, 256; corrected in regard to his opinion of the intrinsic value of gold and silver, 338; his History praised for its statis- tical information, 371; his doctrine of prices as corresponding with that of Montesquieu, 373-376, seq.; his argu- ment against banks and paper credit, 385, 386, 431; his doctrine touching the rate of interest, 398, seq.; given
in detail, 400, 401; just for the most part, but too unqualified, 401, seq.; his doctrine in regard to Interest and Money, alleged, 439, 440; quoted in regard to Queen Elizabeth's patents for monopolies, ii. 17; against the Commercial System, 31, seq.; as to the utility of a high price of grain in seasons of scarcity, 49; accused by Dr. Gillies of plagiarizing from Aris- totle, 148; referred to as to the laws of succession among the Irish, 197; on the Statute of Alienations, 202; adduced touching taxation, 211; quoted against the National Debt, 218, 219; on the term Circulation, 219; reconciled with Pinto, 220; against the project of an exclusive land-tax, 237; his supposition in ex- planation of the omissions in Dooms- day Book, 239; quoted in reference to the Athenian democracy, 364, 403; in reference to the wants of the senate and of the people in a democracy, 365; praises an observation of Thu- cydides, 371; how he would remedy the inconveniences of a democratical government, 374, 375; objections to his doctrine on this point, 375, 376; on the best kind of aristocracy, 377, 378; quoted as to the uncertainty of political predictions, 413; on the English Legislative power, as illus- trated by that of Athens, 428; as to the seeming political confliction of a legislative people and a legislative senate, 436, 437; as to the mutual support given by the Crown and the Peers in the working of the Constitu- tion; 444; holds that the House of Commons seems paramount in the British Constitution, 445; but that the three powers are in reality bal- anced, ib.; his solution of the paradox supposed by him in the British Legis- lature, 446; is the dependence of Parliament an infringement of liberty? 451; notices the long harmony be- tween our Princes and our Parlia- ment, 451, 452; his Essay on the Populousness of Ancient Nations, commemorated in the conclusion of the course on Political Economy Pro- per, 458. Hume, (David, Prof. and Adv., after- wards Baron,) his Commentary on Criminal Law, quoted, ii. 332. Huskisson, (Mr.,) quoted as to the cir- culation of currency, i. 432, 441.
IMPORTATION and Exportation, as to their proportion, i. 250; freedom of importation, its effects upon the agri- culture of a country, ii. 104, seq.; British laws in reference to the im- portation of corn, 106, seq. Income-Tax, ii. 253.
India, on the low wages of labour in, i. 448.
Infancy, long helpless state of, in Man,
shows the intentions of nature in re- gard to Marriage, i. 73, seq., 76, seq. Interest of Borrowed Money, on, in general, i. 396-425; ii. 146-195; high and low, according to Hume, depends on three circumstances, 400; first, a great or small demand for borrow- ing, 400, seq.; second, the quantity of stock which may supply the demand of borrowers, 403, seq; third, high or low profits arising from commerce, 407, seq.; low profits and low inter- est, how they mutually act and re- act, forming the conditions of a flourishing commerce, ib.; a low in- terest is the sign of prosperity in a people, 408; the author coincides with Hume against Locke, Law, and Mon- tesquieu, in holding that the rate of interest does not necessarily result from a plenty or scarcity of the pre- cious metals, ib.; rate of, in England at different times, 410-415; interest and usury, on their connexion, really and verbally, 411; legal rate of, in England under the Commonwealth and Charles II., 413; rate of, in Scotland, 415; in Ireland, ib.; in France, 415, seq.; in our West Indian Colonies, 417, seq.; in the East In- dian British dominions, 419; in China, 420, seq.; causes besides the riches or poverty of a country, which influence the rate of interest, 421, seq.; connexion of this rate with the ordinary price of land, 421; effect where the law prohibits, or does not enforce a rate of interest above a limited amount, ib.; derivation of the word τόκος from τίκτω, ii. 147 ; variations of its rate at different times and in different countries, 160, seq.; policy of fixing a definite rate of, considered, in general, 161-195; arguments in favour of that limita- tion of interest which has been fixed by British law, 162, seq; argument for, drawn from the case of prodi- gals, 163-166; from the case of the
indigent, 166, 167; from the case of projectors, 167-173; from the case of the simple and inexperienced, 173, seq.; laws against usury only aggra- vate the distress of the unfortunate, 178, seq.; compound interest, laws and prejudices with respect to, are equally ill-founded as those concern- ing simple interest, 193-195; see Usury.
Interpolations from Notes, see Bridges. Ireland, population of, i. 99, seq; 245;
on the diet of the Irish peasantry, 101; rate of interest in, 415; neglected education of the lower orders in, bad effect of, ii. 334.
Irish, their rules as to the succession of land, ii. 197.
Ivernois, (Sir Francis D',) on Pinto and the public debt, ii. 218.
JEFFERSON, (Thomas,) quoted as to Education in America, ii. 337; his Notes on Virginia, quoted as to the necessity of legislative checks, 433,
Jenkins, (Henry,) his testimony in re-
gard to the hospitality of the Catholic clergy, ii. 259, 260.
Jenyns, (Mr. Soame,) quoted on the ne- cessity of machinery and the consoli- dation of farms, as effects of taxation, i. 196, seq.
Jews, did they invent bills of exchange? i. 41; in regard to their Usury, ii. 149, 150.
Johnson, (Dr. Samuel,) alleged as to the meaning of the word Economy, i. 10; his dogmatical assertion in regard to education quoted, 52.
Jones, (Sir William,) quoted as to Me- nu's, or the ancient Hindoo doctrine touching usury, ii. 152, 153, 187; re- ferred to in his Commentary upon Isæus, 197.
Journals, influence of these periodical publications in the enlightenment of the people, ii. 343. Judicial Power, ii. 351, 352. Juvenal, quoted in regard to the luxury of the Romans, i. 147; as to the love of money increasing with the posses- sion of money, 446.
KAEMPFER, quoted as to the proportion of the sexes in Japan, but his fact controverted, i. 90.
Kames, (Henry Home, Lord,) quoted as to the pairing instinct of animals, i. 77; referred to as to the rise of the lower orders in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, 113; adduced as to the history and policy of Entails, ii. 203; against the English Law of Settlement, as creating a great differ- ence in the price of labour in different parishes, 266; defended on this point against certain English critics, 267, 268; adduced in reference to the Scottish Poor-laws, 297; quoted as to the kingdom of Siam, 392, 393. Kent, state of its agriculture adduced in reference to the influence of manufac- tures, i. 168.
Kent, (Mr.,) quoted against large farms, i. 125, seq.; adduced as to the quan- tity of land necessary for the support of a horse, 250.
Kidders, who are they? ii. 56. King, (Mr. Edward,) adduced as to the
Utility of the National Debt, ii. 218. King, Mr. Gregory,) as a statistical inquirer, i. 215-217; his estimate of the numbers of the population in the several ranks, professions, and occu- pations, 240; as to the relative pro- portion of wheat consumed about the era of the Revolution, 368; referred to in regard to the Corn Laws, ii. 84; in regard to the proportion between the price and produce of corn, 134, seq., 138.
Kingdom, see Monarchy.
LABOUR: of slaves, i. 37; Productive and Unproductive, on, in general, 253-332; the relative doctrines of the Econo- mists of the school of Quesnai con- trasted with those of Smith, 255, seq., 269, seq.; labour and land, these as sources of wealth contrasted, 256, seq.; labour productive and unproduc- tive, with special reference to the Economists, 258, seq., 268, seq., 294, 297; apology for their use of these terms, 290; human, can be employed to increase the fund of natural produce only in two ways,-by adding to the quantity, or by altering the form of this produce; the first, by Agricul- ture the second, by Manufactures, 259, seq.; distinction of useful and of productive, 264, seq.; of productive and of stipendiary, 265; labour pro-
ductive, Smith's doctrine of, ib.; ad- ditional illustrations of this distinc- tion, 270, seq.; Smith at one with the Economists with respect to the fact, 270; how far he agrees with, how far he differs from, them as to doctrine, 271; barren or unproductive and pro- ductive, distinction of, according to Smith, 274, seq., 285, seq.; according to the Economists, 274; according to Grey, 275; according to the Au- thor, 275, seq.; on the circumstances which render it more effective, 309- 332; on the division of, 310-316; on the use of machinery as a substitute for, 316-332; division of, its moral effects, 330, seq.; result of the rea- sonings on its division, 331; correc- tion of certain expressions in relation to, 332; does the amount of labour constitute the real measure of the exchangeable value of commodities, as held by Smith? 353, seq.; wages of, the five circumstances, according to Smith's doctrine, on which they vary, ii. 11; a circumstance causing great inequalities in the wages of agricultural labourers, both in Eng- land and Scotland, viz., the prejudices and ignorance of this order of men, 268. See Wages.
Labour and Stock, three circumstances, according to Smith, which ought principally to be attended to in deter- mining their distribution, ii. 12, seq.; the first of these, ib.; the second, 20, seq.; the third, 21.
Lagrange, on the proportion between consumption and population, i. 219, seq.
Land, free commerce of, naturally con- ducive to Agriculture and Population, i. 151; Land and Labour, as sources of wealth, contrasted, 256, seq.; land- ed property, peculiar circumstances regulating its price, 423, seq.; com- merce of, on the policy of subjecting this to the regulation of law, 195-210; free commerce in, expedient, 202; impediments to, 202, seq.; in certain circumstances, restraints may be ex- pedient, 203; taxes upon, 225-247; land-tax proportioned to the rent, of two kinds: 1° according to a fixed rule or canon, 225-234; Land-tax of England, (falling under this head,) origin and history of, 225 232; the English land-tax affects all personal estates, except property in the funds,
and stock necessary for agriculture, 228; method of rating this tax, ib.; policy of this tax considered, 228-232; defects of the English land-tax, 229, seq.; advantages of the same tax, 231, 232; land-tax of Scotland, 232- 234;-2° according to the actual rent, 234-243; Venetian tax, of this class, 234; advantages and disadvan- tages of this kind of land-tax, 235, seq.; exclusive land or territorial tax, approved of by the Economists in ge- neral, and in particular by Quesnai, by Mirabeau the elder, by Dupont, by Turgot, 237, (see also, i. 296, seq. ;) in opposition to this project are arrayed Necker, Pinto, Hume, Sir James Steuart, Smith, and Arthur Young, ib., (see also, i. 301;) land-tax pro- portioned not to the rent, but to the produce, 243-247; church-tithes, an example of this, 243; other instances in China, Bengal, and ancient Egypt, 246; all land taxes fall ultimately upon the landlord, 243; taxes on the pro- duce of land may be drawn either in kind or in money, 247. See Terri- torial Tax.
Languages, the analogy of, explains what is politically constitutional or unconstitutional, ii. 423, 424. Lauderdale, (Earl of,) adduced, i. 299, 301; as to the division of labour, 315; Notes on the Bullion Report, ad- dressed to, 431, seq.; his pamphlet on the Irish Bank quoted, 434, 442; his doctrine of Paper Currency criti- cised, 452; adduced, ii. 217; his work on Political Economy recommended for study, 459. Laverdi, (M. de,) referred to as emanci-
pating the French corn trade, ii. 63. Lavoisier, on the proportion between consumption and population, i. 219, seq.; adopted the fundamental prin- ciples of the Economists, 289. Law, (Mr. John, of Lauriston,) his opi- nion as to the intrinsic value of gold and silver, i. 341, seq.; Locke de- fended against, ib.; seems to renounce the doctrine for which he had con- tended, 344; his doctrine of value, 355; touching the rate of interest, 398; vindicates a complete liberty in regard to the interest of money, ii. 157, 158; was he the first to do this? 159.
Laws,-1° as to their origin, 2o as to their tendency, i 22; positive laws,
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