martial law and in three days, during which he never left his office, started the wheels of relief moving and had rehabilitation under way.

Governor Cox's ability to rise above partisan considerations was demonstrated when he removed the Democratic mayor of Canton, naming a Republican mayor in his stead. This action he took during the strike of millworkers at Canton. Operators tried to resume work during the strike and many disorders resulted. Governor Cox called upon all local officials to stand by their guns and maintain order. He said he would hold all local officials accountable for law violations. When disorders continued Canton citizens appealed for military protection. The governor replied by removing the mayor and mobilizing the national guard in support of the new Canton city head. He would send no state troopers to the city, however. Peace was restored.

Exciting contest at convention Governor Cox was nominated at the national convention at San Francisco on the forty-fourth ballot after a long and exciting contest in which the other principal contestants were William G. McAdoo, former secretary of the treasury, and Attorney

General A. Mitchell Palmer. Prior to the convention, Mr. McAdoo had definitely declared that he was not a candidate and urged his friends not to vote for him. In

spite of that, however, he was the leading

candidate, so far as votes were concerned, during most of the balloting.

Harding's interesting career Warren G. Harding has always been a resident of Ohio, which state he has represented as United States Senator since 1914. In private business life he is publisher of the Marion, Ohio, Star.

He was born on a farm, near the village of Blooming Grove, Morrow county, Ohio,

November 2, 1865, the eldest of eight children. His father, George T. Harding, was a country doctor whose forebears came from Scotland. Before going to Ohio, the Hardings were residents of Pennsylvania, where some of them were massacred by Indians. Others fought in the Revolutionary war. war. The mother of Warren, Mrs. Phoebe Dickerson, was descended from an old-time Holland Dutch family, the Van Kirks.

In his youth Warren Harding lived the life of a farmer boy, attending the village school until 14 years of age, when he entered Ohio central college of Iberia, from which he was graduated. As editor of the college paper he first displayed a talent for journalism. He was obliged to stop school now and then and earn the money with which to pursue his college course. At one time he cut corn, at another painted barns and at still another drove a team and helped to grade the roadbed of a new railway. At 17 he taught a district school and played a horn in the village brass band.

At odd times he worked in the village printing office, in time becoming an expert typesetter and later a linotype operator. He is a practical pressman and a job printer, and as a make up man" is said to have few equals. The luck piece he has carried as a senator is the old printer's rule he used when he was sticking type.

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In 1884 Dr. Harding moved his family to Marion. A short time afterward the

father purchased for Warren Harding the Star, then a small paper.

On the paper Warren Harding performed every function from devil to managing editor. In all the years the senator has owned it there has never been a strike or a threatened one.

Senator Harding is closely identified with many other large business enterprises in Marion and other parts of the state. He is director of a bank and several large

manufacturing plants and is a trustee of the Trinity Baptist church.

Mr. Harding has twice represented the 13th senatorial district of Ohio in the state legislature and served one term as lieutenant governor. At the 1914 election Harding was elected United States senator by a majority of more than 100,000, running 73,000 ahead of the next highest on the ticket. In the senate he is a member of the committee on foreign relations. Senator Harding married Florence Kling in 1891.

Nominated after a deadlock Senator Harding received the necessary majority for the Republican nomination at the Chicago convention on the tenth ballot. Up until the eighth ballot, there had been a deadlock between Leonard Wood, Governor Frank O. Lowden of Illinois and Senator Hiram W. Johnson of California. By greement of the party eaders early in the day of June 12th, Senator Harding received the suport of the Lowden trength and many of the Lelegates who had been oting for General Wood, which gave him the omination. Senator Harding was formally otified of his nomination uly 22, at his home town, Marion, Ohio.

A youthful candidate

Franklin D. Roosevelt, Democratic nominee for vice-president, first sprang into political prominence in 1910 when he was drafted by the Democrats of the twenty

eighth New York State senatorial district, consisting of the counties of Dutchess, Putnam and Columbia, in an effort to defeat Senator John F. Schlosser of Beacon, who was a candidate for re-election. Roosevelt was successful, rolling up a majority of 356 in the Democratic landslide which carried John A. Dix into the governor's chair. One of the stories still told of Mr. Roosevelt's first campaign by local politicians is that he corralled the farmer vote by running on a platform which advocated uniform apple barrels. Mr. Roosevelt was re-elected in 1912, but resigned his seat on March 17, 1913, to accept the appointment as assistant secretary of the navy. His most famous exploit in the State senate was his leadership of the insurgents who opposed the election of William F. Sheehan to the United States senate. After three months deadlock, James A. O'Gorman was elected with Mr. Roosevelt's concurrence.

Since Mr. Roosevelt's appointment to the navy department he has spent most of his time in Washington, returning in the summer and on holidays to visit his mother. He has never relinquished his deep interest in Hyde Park, however, and is still one of its foremost citizens and one of the leading parishioners of St. James' Episcopal church, which the Roosevelt family has attended for years. He is a frequent visitor in Poughkeepsie and is active in county Democratic councils.

Mr. Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, January 30, 1882, the son of James and Sarah D. Roosevelt, He is a distant relative of Colonel Theodore Roosevelt on his father's side and of the Astor family through his mother. He attended the Groton school and was graduated from Harvard in 1904 and Columbia law school in 1907, being admitted to the New York bar the same year. He practiced at first with Carter, Ledyard and Milburn of New York, and then

became a member of the firm of Marvin, Hooker and Roosevelt.

Mr. Roosevelt married Anna E. Roosevelt, niece of the late Colonel Theodore Roosevelt and daughter of Eli Roosevelt, March 17, 1905. They have five children. Mr. Roosevelt divides his time when at home between his family, his interest in local affairs, and tennis, for which he displays his chief sporting enthusiasm. In New York Mr. Roosevelt is a member of the City, Harvard, Knickerbocker and Racquet and Tennis clubs, while he is affiliated with the Army and Navy, Metropolitan and University clubs of Washington.

A farmer's son

The Republican nominee for the vicepresidency, Governor Coolidge, of Massachusetts, was born on a small farm near a little Vermont village on July 4, 1872. He is a graduate of Amherst college, and studied law in an office in Northampton, Massachusetts, which thriving and beautiful New England town, the seat of Smith college for women, has been his home for about twenty-five years.

He is a man of few words, great simplicity of life, and of marked rectitude of character. The steps of his political career have been the following: member of the Northampton city council; city solicitor; representative in the Massachusetts legislature; mayor of Northampton; senator in the Massachusetts legislature; lieutenant-governor; and finally governor.

In November of last year Mr. Coolidge ran for re-election as governor on the issue raised by the Boston police strike. His victory was unprecedented in Massachusetts political history and aroused national attention.

He was the candidate of his state for the presidency and was supported for first place on the ticket by delegates in all parts of the United States.

EFFECT

The following figures showing a reduction in court cases of thirty-four per cent, in seventeen large city and county courts of New York State were tabulated by Charles L. Chute, secretary of the State of New York Probation Commission. Mr. Chute presented this report at a recent meeting of the commission in Albany.- EDITOR.

A

UTHENTIC figures secured from seventeen of the larger city and county courts in the State for the first three months of this year during which constitutional prohibition has been in effect shows that 45,143 offenders of all ages were arraigned in these courts. For the same period last year (January, February and March, 1919) 68,535 offenders were brought before the same courts, showing a decrease of 23,392, or 34 per cent.

In the opinion of practically all the judges and probation officers consulted, this remarkable decrease in court work is attributable largely to the effects of prohibition. In practically all of the courts by far the greatest decrease has been in cases of public intoxication, disorderly conduct, and other offenses growing out of drink, although there has been a decrease in other offenses as well. Every court covered by the investigation showed a reduction in court cases due to prohibition. There were no exceptions. For instance, in all the magistrates' courts of New York city there was a decrease of 29 per cent among all offenders brought before the courts. There was a decrease of 52 per cent in cases of public intoxication. Only 914 were brought before all the magistrates' courts for the first three months of this year for intoxication as compared with 1,914 for the same period last

year.

In the Buffalo city court, the average number of offenders tried monthly has for many years exceeded two thousand. During the first three months of 1919, 6,954 criminals were tried. This year only 2,417 offenders were brought before the court in three months. The number of intoxication cases for this period was only 583, as compared with 3,094 the same period last year.

In Utica, arraignments decreased for the three months' period from 722 last year to 363 this year. Only 48 cases of intoxication were brought before the court for the first three months this year as compared with 226 last year.

One police justice writing to the commission expressed the view of many when he said, "Prohibition has made the police business dull compared with the old regime."

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One probation officer states that he finds. Prohibition is instrumental in bringing about better home conditions."

Another says: "There has been in our city a big decrease in crimes caused through booze, men heretofore before the court after a week-end spree are now working steadily and have extra money in their pockets, instead of always being broke."

A woman probation officer who deals with delinquent boys and girls, says: "Prohibition has turned the tide for the women and children. Despite the cost of living, men who formerly neglected their families have been able in many cases to start bank accounts, make payments on homes, clothe their families well, put coal in the cellar and get food in the larder, things unknown in some of these homes before the saloons were

closed. The best of it is that the majority of these men tell me they don't want the former conditions to return because they have learned what enjoyment can be gotten out of home life not disturbed by drink."

The number of inmates in the county jails has also shown a remarkable decrease since prohibition went into effect. Several jails now report no inmates. The Niagara county jail on April 1st had only 25 prisoners, as compared with 62 one year ago. The population of the Franklin county jail was reported as 10 recently, as compared with an average of 30 in previous years.

In the city of Elmira, which had prohibition through local option vote during all of 1919 the arrests for public intoxication numbered

NEW YORK CITY AS A STATE

The logical solution for New York would not stop at municipal home rule, but would make the greater city a separate state. Two governments, national and municipal, are adequate to all the needs of New York city, and the elimination of an intermediate set of state officials would simplify administration. New York city would be free from the rule of the "Albany ring," and rural New York from the menace of Tammany Hall; each would suffer only from the evils for which it was directly responsible.

There are ample precedents for the city-state. One of the best features of the German constitution was the independence of the Hansa towns of Hamburg, Bremen and Lubeck self-governing in all things save for the concerns of the whole empire. If we disdain to borrow a good idea from our enemies we may copy the Swiss cantons, some of which are rural districts and others strictly urban. The very large city has problems which are of a totally different order from those of the country or the middle sized town, and the conditions of urban life develop a distinctive attitude on the part of city dwellers toward those problems.

How many American cities should be made into independent states is perhaps a question. New York is a clear case, although at just what point the city limits should cease may rightfully be debated in Yonkers and rural Long Island. Chicago and Philadelphia have certainly sufficient population to be ranked among the greater states. The test in every case should be the wishes of the local population, for it would not be right to put asunder urban and rural communities which a common state patriotism may join together

But there should be no objection to a constitutional amendment permitting any community of at least a million poulation to constitute itself by plebiscite a sovereign commonwealth within the Union.- William Brand in the Independent.

394, as compared with 1,098 during 1918 when the city was wet.

The commission finds that whereas the decrease in court arraignments in the courts studied was 34 per cent, the decrease in the number placed on probation was only 26 per cent. This indicates that the probation system is being used in a larger percentage of cases. Reports also show that with the elimination of habitual drunkards and other intoxication cases coming before the court, which nearly always failed when placed on probation, more effective results are being secured by the probation officers. The opinion was almost unanimous among the probation officers that the effects of prohibition are beneficial to their work.

THE GIFT OF LONG LIFE

What an uncertain and accidental thing seems the gift of long life. It comes to the just and to the unjust, to the wise and to the foolish. It is as indiscriminating as the rainfall. I see almost daily a man walking the street here going to a saloon for his glass of grog who is ninety-three. He never had much intellect, and it seems to have grown less and less as the years have passed. In my youth I knew a man, a very ordinary person, who lived to be considerably over 100; he lived alone in his last years and lived much like a beast. The length of his years was no measure of his worth to himself or his fellows. Only recently a man in Sullivan county, a common laborer but a worthy man, is said to have reached the great age of 112 years. I knew a sculptor who went up there and made a bust of him. An old fellow in my native town lived to be 83 and was drunk much of the time, often lying out half the night in cold and storms. I happen to think of him now because I saw his name recently in the cemetery. Sir William Temple relates that he had known two persons who lived to be over 112, a man and a woman the latter a servant, the former a common laborer.

On the other hand, how many men of invaluable service to the world fall by the wayside before they have lived out half their days. If with his tremendous vitality Roosevelt had also had the gift of length of days our debt to him would doubtless have been even greater than it s. Surely the gift of length of days is neither a wage nor a reward of merit. You have it or you do not have it, and the Eternal is indifferent. It is hard to kill a man who has it, and it cannot be bestowed upon a man who has it not. How vain to try to find anything like our prudence, our economies, our foresight in the ways of Nature. Nature is a spendthrift and a miser both at the same time.-From Field and Study, by John Burroughs.