men in, desire to preserve their own
importance, ii. 204; material progress
of, in a century would make it equal
Great Britain, ii. 207; discovery of, one
of the greatest events, &c., ii. 208; na-
tions trading to, strive to exclude
others, ii. 213; natives of, except
Mexico and Peru, hunters, ii. 218;
war in, and effects on militia of, ii.
285; discovery of mines in, and effect
on silver, ii. 419; people of, are said
to have no gold or silver, ii. 542.
America, British, exports salt provisions,
i. 240.

America, North, colonies in, planted by
sea coast, or rivers, i. 21; paper cur-
rencies of, i. 328; progress of, due to
agriculture, i. 371; has no manufac-
tures for distant sale, i. 384; trade
with, compared with what might be
with France, ii. 71.

American war, rise in price of herring
casks since, ii. 96.

Americans, effects of their adopting a
system of monopoly, i. 371.
Amsterdam, bank of, its Agio, i. 330:
merchant of, how he would trade, ii.
26; bank money of, ii. 52; origin of
bank of, ii. 53; currency of in 1609, ii.
54; bank of, great warehouse for Eu-
ropean bullion, ii. 58; bank of, its go-
vernment, ii. 60; city of, its revenue
from the bank, ii. 61; attentive and
parsimonious burghers of, ii. 195;
English wool depreciated in, ii. 235;
administration of, vigilant and parsi-
monious, ii. 405.
Anderson, Mr., his 'Diplomata Scotia,'
i. 194; on Dobbs' statistics, ii. 329.
Angola, discovered by Portuguese, ii.

137; settlement of Portuguese, ii. 218.
Animal food, when it rises in price, and
why, i. 255.

Animals, marked difference in capacities
of, i. 17; law of their increase, i. 84.
Anne, mode of taxing in time of, ii. 513;
rate of interest in time of, ii. 515; in
time of, annuities created, ii. 516.
Annuities, perpetual, not redeemable by
debtor in France, ii. 453.
Annuities for lives, kinds of, ii. 517.
Annuities, permanent, when and why
created, ii. 517.

Anticipation, borrowing by, ii. 512.
Antigua, completely cultivated, ii. 545.
Antoninus, his gift to a philosopher, ii.

361.

Aperca, animal of Brazil, ii. 139.
'Arokia, meaning of, ii. 137.
Apologues, origin of, ii. 353.
Apothecaries, profit of, and why great, i.
117.

82.

Apples, once imported from Flanders, i.
Apprentices, laws or customs regulating,
i. 125.
Apprenticeship, effects of, i. 65; custom
of, in Europe, i. 105; duration of, why
seven years, i. 126; statute of, ib.;
no security against fraud, nor incen-
tive to industry, i. 128; unknown to
ancients, i. 129 and note; long, un-
necessary, ib.; statute of, obstructs
the circulation of labour, i. 142; in
ancient regulated companies, ii. 317.
Arabia, incursions of natives of, ii. 276.
Arabians, histories of, full of genealogies,
i. 417.

Arabs, hospitality of, i. 412; life of, ii.
274; militia of, good, ii. 284.
Arbuthnot, Dr., on ancient costume, ii.
270.

Aristocracy, Irish, founded on the most
odious distinction; none in colonies, ii.
547.
Aristotle, on the use of money, i. 24 note;
his rewards for teaching Alexander, i.
141; on slave labour, i. 391; his view
of political economy, ii. I note; on
Greek education, ii. 359.
Arithmetic, political, writer has no great
faith in, ii. 111; of customs, two and
two do not make four in, ii. 478.
Armada, invincible, consequence of de-
feat of, ii. 149.

Army may be maintained in three ways,
ii. 13; in colonies, amount of, ii. 197.
Army, standing, characteristics of, ii. 281;
superior to militia, ii. 283; benefits of,
ii. 289; may be diminished by general
military drill, ii. 370.
Artificer, labour of, how cheapened, i.
130; analysis of value of labour of, ii.
260.
Artificers, held to possess skilled labour,
i. 106; necessary for cultivating land,
i. 383; in America, buy land, i. 384;
increase when no more land is to be had,
ib.; the living instrument not allowed
to emigrate, ii. 243; a barren class, ii.
250; not same as menials, ii. 259; if
they take the field in war, must be
paid, duly, ii. 278.

Artillery, modern, costliness of, ii. 291.
Artisan, addition to wealth of society by
labour of, ii. 261 note.

As, Roman, its use, i. 40.
Asceticism, formed part of modern theo-
ries of morals, ii. 356.

Asia, practice of buying silver in, i. 218;
governments of, stimulate hoarding, i.

282.

Asinius Celer, bought a surmullet, i.
229.

Assemblies, colonial, would not readily

grant supplies, ii. 200; colonial, can-
not judge what is needed for imperial
purposes,

ii. 201.
Assiento contract, ii. 198 note ; stipula-

tions of, ii. 320.
Assize, statute of, i. 193.
Assize of Bread, effect of, i. 150 and note.
Athenians, employed philosophers as

statesmen, i. 112.
Athens, mercenary troops of, ji. 278.
Attention of mother country to colonies,

did not make them thrive, ii. 147; of
sovereigns, nothing compared with

attention of owner, ii. 424.
Attorney, what determines his wages, i.

110; verbose, i. 358; wages of regu-

lateil, ii. 304.
Augustus, ordered slaves of Vedius Pollio

to be emancipated, ii. 168; imposed

the vicesima, ii. 454:
Austerity, encouraged by poorer classes,

ii. 379
Australia, mines of, ii. 142.
Austrians, victories of Swiss on, ii. 288.
Avarice, corrr dealer suffers by mistaken,

ji. 1oo.
Azores, discovered by Portuguese, ii. 137.

B.

Bengal, carly civilisation of, i. 21; misery
in, i. 76; rates of wages, and profits of
stock in, i. 99; piece goods of, i. 216;
drought in, ii. 103; destructive policy
of English in, ii. 220; revenue of sove-
reign in, ii. 221; its exportations of
rice and manufactures, ii. 268; revenue
of East India Company in a land-tax,
ii. 429; changes in assessment of tithe
in, ii. 431.

Benguela, discovered by Portuguese, ii.

137; settlement of Portuguese, ii. 218.
Bentham, his defence of usury, i. 93
note.

Berne, position of farmers in, i. 397; es-
tablishment of reformation in, ii. 392 ;
magistrates of, meet their expenditure
from tithes and church lands, ii. 399;
revenues of, source of, ii. 407; tax on
alienation in, ii. 456; has a treasure,
ii. 508.

Bernier, his account of works in Hin-
dostan, ii. 313.

Billets d'Etat, in France, often at dis-
count, ii. 512.

Bills, at Amsterdam, of a certain value,
paid in bank money, ii. 54.

Birch, Dr., his Life of Prince Henry, i.
160.

Birmingham, wages in, i. 120; not af
fected by apprenticeship statute, i. 127;
const
nsumption of precious metals in, i.
217; goods of, fall in price of, i. 257;
its manufacture of hardware, ii. 495.
Birth, superiority of, influence of and
why, ii. 295.

Bishops, election of, in ancient times, ii.
385.

Blacks, condition of in West Indies and
southern plantations, ii. 541.
Blackstone, Dr., cited as to certain
tenures, i. 394.

Boat fishing of herrings ruined, ii. 96.
Body, human, its power of reparation, ii.
258; qualifications of, not so influ-
ential as those of mind, ii. 294.
Bohemia, predial slavery in, i. 390; sur-
vey and valuation of, ii. 425; govern
ment of, attends to its survey of land-
tax, ii. 426; tax on artificers in, ii.
462.

Bordeaux, trade in, i. 338.
Borlase, Mr., on rent of tin mines, i. 180.
Born, Ralph de, bis expenses, i. 188.
Borrowing, difficulty of, real reason of
scarcity of money, ii. 10; disguises the
costs of war, ii. 520.

Boston, Mexico greater than, ii. 146.
Bounties, when given, ii. 24; granted
for domestic industry, their defence,
ii. 79; on fisheries encourage rashness,
ii. 97; in whale fishery, ii. 158; on

colonial produce, peculiar to Great
Britain, ii. 163; in interest of pro-
ducer, ii. 245; amount of in 1754, ii.
479.
Bounty, of 1688, its effects, i. 205, 207.
208; effects of, on price of corn, and
amount of, i. 210; could not lower
price of grain, ii. 81; burdensome to
those who pay, and very little advan-
tage to those who receive, ii. 84; on
corn, like policy of Spain and Por-
tugal, ii. 88; on production more liable
to fraud than on exportation, ii. 92;
may be no more than drawback, ii. 98;
on corn, occasional amount of, ii. 99;
established by I William and Mary, ii.
115; deserves no praise, ii. 117; of 13
George III, ii. 119; on production of
money, a duty-free coinage, ii. 134; on
naval stores, ii. 228.

Boy, inventor of the valve of the steam
engine, i. 11.

Brady, on boroughs, cited, i. 400 note.
Braganza, family of, elevation of, to the
throne, ii. 148.

Brass, exportation of, prohibited, ii. 240.
Brazil, gold of, tax on, i. 224; gold of, i.
375; production of gold in, ii. 125;
late discovery of minerals in, ii. 144;
oldest settlement after that of Spani-
ards, ii. 148; population of, ii. 149; two
principal provinces of, ii. 155.
Bread, relative price to wheat, i. 157;

taxes on, in different countries, ii. 472.
Breslau, land-tax of bishopric of, ii. 425.
Brewer, employment of, necessary, ii. 66.
Bricklayer, why his wages are high, i.
108.

Bricks, sent out from England to Africa,
ii. 324.
Britain, great wages in, i. 77.
British Linen Company, value of shares
in, ii. 343.

British manufactures flourished during
Seven Years' War, and why, ii. 17.
Brutus, the virtuous, his rates of interest,
i. 99.

Buccaneers, infested Hispaniola, i. 241.
Buenos Ayres, price of oxen at, i. 157;

prices in, i. 197; cattle worth no more
than hide at, i. 241.

Buffon, M., cited as to price of pork, i.
237; on the 'Cori' of St. Domingo, ii.
139.

Building rent, element in house rent,
what, ii. 432.

Buildings, for business, form of fixed
capital, i. 279.

Bullion, gold exportation, i. 45; fluctua-
tions in price of, i. 47; exports and
imports of, ii. 16; credits for at Am-
sterdam, ii. 55; European, Amsterdam

bank, great warehouse of, ii. 58; would
have seignorage added to value, when
coined, ii. 129; losses on purchase of

by bank, ii. 131.
Burcester (Bicester), Oxford, prices at, i.

243
Burghers, emancipated before country

people, i. 400 ; enmity of, towards

lords, i. 402.
Burgundians, victories of Swiss over, ii.

288.
Burn, Dr., on the poor law, i. 145, 147-9.
Bushel of salt, foreign and English,

weight of, ii. 94.
Busses, bounty on tonnage of, ii. 93.
Butcher, profitable trade, and why, i. 105.
Bye products, suld at low prices, i. 122

and note.
Byron, Mr., prices of horses according to,

in Chili, i. 1970

C.
Cabbages, price of, i. 82.
Cadiz, importations of specie to, i. 218;

merchants of, their profits and manners,
ii. 195; merchants of, sumptuous pro-

fusion of, ii. 209.
Carsar, army of, lestroyed the Roman

republic, ii. 290.
Calcraft, Mr., his accounts, ii. 524.
Calcutta, land carriage from, i. 20 and

note ; value of gold to silver in, i.
222 ; councils of, wise and astute in
emergencies, ii. 225; court of mayor

of, ii. 336.
California, mines of, ii. 142 note.
Calvin, his followers, ii. 394.
Cameron, Mr., of Lochiel, his territorial

jurisdiction, i. 413.
Campus Martius, exercises in, ii. 279.
Canada, French colony of, ii. 151 ; con-

quest of, and policy of England after,
Canals, lock tolls on, ii. 308 ; in China,

ii. 313 ; management of by joint-stock

coinpany, ii. 341.
Canaries, discovered by Portuguese, ii.

137
Candles, tax on, a tax on necessaries, ii.

471.
Cantillon, Mr., his theory of wages, i. 70.
Cantons, Protestant, of Switzerland, do

not tolerate Roman Catholics, ji. 400.
Capacity, kept up by variety of occupa-

tion, ii. 260.
Cape de Verd Islands discovered by

Portuguese, ii. 137.
Cape of Good Hope discovered by Portu-

guese, ii. 137; Dutch settlement at, ii.

219.
Cape passage, benefits of discovering, ii.

21; discovery of, one of the greatest

events in history of mankind, ii. 208.
Capital, its employments, treated in

Second Book, i. 3; profit of, i. 69;
invested in human machine, i. 106;
always saved, or stored in some degree,
i. 273 note; distinguished from stock,
i. 275 ; ways in which it may afford a
revenue, i. 276 ; circulating and fixed,
ib. ; circulating and fixed, relations of,
i. 280 ; end of both kinds of, i. 281 ;
cffects of judicivus banking on, i.
321 ; always employed with a view to
profit, i. 334; replacing produce, main-
tains productive lanıls, ib.; increase
of, diminution of profit, i. 356 ; lent at
interest, an assignment of a portion of
annual produce, ib.; ways of em-
ploying, i. 363 ; may be insufficient to
work up home produce, i. 370 ; coin-
paratively rapid replacement of, i. 374,
375; its destination determined by
prospect of private profit, i. 379 ;
natural course of, i. 385; money a small
part of national, ii. 10; of society,
limits its industry, ii. 25; in home
triule, advantage ii. 27; private,
absurdity of attempting to direct, ii.
29; ils augmenteil, so industry in ingo
montui, ii. 30 ; of a country equals the
capitals of all its inhabitants, ii. 66;
exhaustion of, by consumption, ii. 72;
of manufacturer misapplied if com-
pulsorily directed to shopkeeping, ii.
106; effects of colonial monopoly on,
ii. 176; said to be more advantageously
employed in colony trade, but reasons
against, ii. 181; and revenue applied
to monopoly, ii. 190; of Great Britain,
diverted by inonopoly, and its industry
diminished, ii. 192 ; increase of, cause
of increase of useful labour, ii. 262 ;
amount of, a secret and not easily
ascertainel, ii. 442 ; taxes on, their
effects, ii. 458; a portion destroyed
by the act of funding, ii. 526 and note;
and land sources of revenue, and how,
ii. 528; discouraged and banished by
excessive taxation, ib. ; see also fixal,

circulating.
Capitalist, functions of, i. 362 note.
Capitals, great, used in traile, i. 337 ;

how increased and diminished, i. 340.
Capitation taxes, levied

on revenue,
arbitrary on rank, ii. 463, 464; their
advantages as a source of revenue,

ii. 466.
Cards, stamp duties on, their incidence,

ii. +78.

ii. 459.

Carneades, sent to Rome by Athens, i.

142.
Carpenter, short duration of his physical

vigour, i. 86; why his wages are lower
than mason's, i. 108.

Carriage, land, charges of, i. 19; water,
its effects on a market, its economy,
ib.; effect of economy in cost of, ii.
307.

Carriages, tax on, in proportion to weight,
discussed, ii. 311.

Carrier, merchant, his function, ii. 117.
Carrots, price of, i. 82.
Carrying trade, least advantageous, ii.
26; impossible without drawbacks, ii.
163.

Carthage, fall of and causes of, ii. 285.
Carthagena, attempt on, ii. 289.
Carthaginians, naval skill of, i. 21.
Cash accounts, Scotch system of, i. 297.
Casks, herring, rise in price of, ii. 96.
Castile, council of, determined to take

possession of New World, ii. 140.
Castes, in Egypt and Hindostan, ii. 266.
Castrucci Castracani, a hero of Ma-
chiavel's, i. 407.

Casuistry, its origin, ii. 356.
Catholics, English, founded Maryland,
ii. 169.

Cato on agriculture, i. 159; cited, ii. 35.
Cattle, destroy young trees, i. 176; causes
affecting the increase of, i. 230; im-
portation of forbidden, i. 421; among
Tartars, wealth, ii. 2; foreign, free
trade in, little harm to grazier, ii. 32;
for draught, none in Mexico and Peru
before Spanish conquest, ii. 148; of
Holstein and Jutland, ii. 262.
Ceded islands, produce of sugar in, ii.
158.

Celebes, vessels of, at Batavia, ii. 219.
Celts, ancient, their fondness for music,
ii. 359.

Chadwick, Mr. E., his theory of com-
petition, i. 65 note.

Chairmen in London, Irish, i. 171.
Chance, invariably interpreted in favour
of those who risk it, i. 112.
Chancery, Courts of, origin of their juris-
diction, ii. 303.
Charities, apprentices of, generally idle,
i. 129.

Charlevoix the Jesuit, his estimate of
Canadian population, ii. 151 and note.
Charles V, Emperor, said everything
abounded in France, but was wanting
in Spain, i. 213; his relations to the
Pope, ii. 392.

Charles XII (of Sweden), allied to Ma-
zeppa, ii. 19.
Charters in England, from the Crown, i.
130; character of ancient, evidence of
previous condition of towns, i. 399.
Chatham, Earl of, his accounts, ii. 524.
Cheapest, interest of all to buy, ii. 68.

Cheapness, pretended effects of, on in-
dustry, i. 87.

Chevalier, M., on gold, i. 218 note.
Chiefs, Arab and Tartar, get revenue
from profit, ii. 404.

Child, Sir Josiah, his criticism on certain
companies, ii. 318; on the military
policy of regulated companies, ii. 320.
Children of soldiers, their appearance and
mortality, i. 83.

Chili, gets iron from Spain, i. 179; price
of horse at, i. 197; cattle of little
value in, i. 241.

China, water carriage in, i. 22; value of
silver in, i. 39; labour in, i. 75; sta-
tionary state of, i. 99; rate of interest
in, i. 100; rank of husbandmen in,
i. 134; richer than any part of Europe,
i. 200; porcelain of, i. 215; value of
gold to silver in, i. 222; reputed wealth
of, i. 372; empire of, superior to Mexico
and Peru, ii. 21; despises commerce,
ii. 70; Batavia on road from Hindostan
to Japan and, ii. 219; policy of, as
regards agriculture, ii. 265; home
market of, ii. 266; roads in, ii. 312;
revenue of sovereign in a land tax,
ii. 429.

Choiseul, Duc de, mistaken policy of, ii.
384.
Christiern II, tyranny of, ii. 392.
Church, wages of ministers of, i. 137;
the, declared the Latin Vulgate in-
spired, ii. 352; of England, her loyalty
and good sense, ii. 394; lands of, taxed
highly in Prussia, lightly elsewhere, ii.
426; owners of tithe of, have no
desire to improve land, ii. 429.
Churchmen, foundations of universities
for benefit of, ii. 351.

Cibao, a mountain in St. Domingo, ii.
138.

Cicero, his letters quoted, i. 99; quotes
Cato as an authority on agriculture, i.
159; on absurdity of philosophers, ii.

473.

Cider, tax on, ii. 488.

Cipango, mountain mentioned by Marco
Polo, ii. 138.

Circulating capital, its nature, i. 275;
provides fixed, and makes it yield a
revenue,i. 280; expense of maintaining,
no deduction from net revenue, i. 286 ;
of an individual, differs from that of a
Society, ib.

Circulation, wheel of, differs from goods
circulated by it, i. 287; wheel of,
money, i. 290 and note.
Circulation, of paper, cannot exceed pub-
lic wants, i. 300; of a country, how
divided, i. 323; little can be spared
from, for foreign war, ii. 14; amount