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comfort into the dark places where the workers are seemingly hopeless. They go to those whose very bones are weary with much labor, and whose minds are made numb and dumb with the struggle for daily existence. unions gather such into their folds, make of them independent, free creatures, with hope. As the unions increase in numbers and in strength, their possibilities for further helpfulness to greater numbers of the heavily oppressed increase in proportion.

This Labor Day finds the tradeunion movement making new and more successful attempts to organize those who have never been organized -the wage-earning women and the unskilled workers. As the work of the federated unions becomes greater, its successes become greater and of greater consequence to humanity.

We have done much, but the future looms big with opportunity and duty. The welfare and the hope of the peo ple are bound up with the manner in which we shall deal with the possibilities that lie in our hands. Let us acquit ourselves as men and women worthy of the rights and freedom that we inherit from the past, and mindful of the ideals intrusted to our safekeeping; let us carry on the great work of human freedom during the years to come. We are charged with the responsibility of forming more and greater unions, for they are the agents of justice. Organization results in free, better-paid workers, able and capable to order their own lives. It protects the lives and insures the welfare of the men, women and children of our time, and makes brighter and better days for the countless millions yet unborn.

Labor demonstrations are, in themselves a protest against wrong, and

agitation for the right; a solicitation to the unorganized to join with their brother workmen; a notification to opponents that Labor is up and doing in its own cause. They are an attractive feature in union education of the children of the masses, as well as an appeal to the conscience and the emotions of non-unionists, which leads them to put an end to their isolation from those who are fighting their battles.

If the emphasis of Labor Day as an American holiday should come to be placed on more jollifications for private profit, which has generally been the tendency when genuine Labor Day demonstrations have been suspended, the significance, the honor, the pride of trade unionism would receive a serious blow.

All the men and women in a labor demonstration, and all who line the sidewalks to cheer the passing procession, feel that they are doing something for the cause the event presents. They are participators, not mere spectators to be amused. To all of them, banner, motto and slogan, the serried rank and the marching step, symbolize and consecrate principles and ideals for which they desire to manifest their devotion. The least interested outside observer is impressed by the enthusiasm and warmth of fellowship evinced by the throngs centered on a great purpose.

The labor movement of our time owes it to the future, that the inherent purpose and principles of our cause be upheld and maintained with constantly increasing intensity. In line therewith nothing is more important than that the one day in the year secured by Labor, for Labor and all the people-Labor Day-shall be celebrated in the best and most effective manner, in large numbers, and with a deeper resolve to work on for the day of Labor's disenthrallment from every vestige of wrong and injustice; for the attainment of a higher and better life and the establishment of the universal brotherhood of man.-Samuel Gompers.

USEFUL INFORMATION

RESISTANCE AND WEIGHT TABLE

American gauge for cotton and silk-covered and bare copper wire.-The resistances are calculated for pure copper wire.

The number of feet to the pound is only approximate for insulated wire.

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Great Wall of China.

Cathedral

Washington, D.C. 555 Ulm, Germany... 529

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Stonehenge.

Leaning Tower of Pisa.

Porcelain Tower of Nankin.

Mosque of St. Sophia in Constantinople. The seven natural wonders of the New World are sometimes given as Niagara Falls, Mammoth Cave, Grand Canons of Colorado River, Giant Trees of California, Yellowstone Park, Yosemite Valley, Natural Bridge of Virginia.

LONGEST TUNNELS Alberg-Under Alps, Langen to St. Anton, 64 miles; opened 1884. Continental Divide-Denver and Salt Lake R. R., 6.4 miles long (under construction). Gunnison - Southwestern miles; opened 1909. Hoosac-Hoosac Mountains, Mass., 44 miles; opened 1873.

Colorado,

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Loetschberg-Through Alps, Switzerland, 94 miles; opened 1913.

Mont d'Or-Between France and Switzerland, 34 miles; 1913.

Mont Cenis-Italy to France, 8 miles; opened 1871.

New Croton-Supplies water for New York City, 33% miles; opened 1888. Roger Pass-Under the Selkirk Mountains, British Columbia, 5 miles long; to be opened in 1916.

Rothschonberg-Drains Felberg mines, Saxony, 311⁄2 miles; opened 1877.

St. Gothard-Through the Alps, in Switzerland, 9 miles; opened 1881.

Simplon-Through Alps, 122 miles; opened 1905.

Trans-Andine Ry. Tunnel-5 miles long; 110.

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GENERAL NEWS

CITY MUST INSURE EMPLOYEES.

Albany, N. Y.-Attorney General Woodbury has ruled that New York city employees, as well as those engaged by the State in hazardous occupations, must be insured under the workmen's compensation law.

The ruling, which is based upon a recent amendment to the workmen's compensation act, is very sweeping and calls for compensation insurance for all employees performing the dangerous tasks enumerated in the compensation law, whether for the State, any of the counties, cities, towns or villages.

AMERICAN FEDERATION

OF TEACHERS.

To Editors of Trades Union Official Journals and Labor Papers: The newly formed American Federation of Teachers is anxious to push organization work on a national scale as rapidly as possible. We will appreciate any publicity you may secure for us, any information concerning local situations, or suggestions as to methods and the names of progressive teacher or teachers' organizations.

We intend to conduct as vigorous a preliminary campaign as possible through literature and correspondence. But of course we will be glad to send Miss Haley, or some other organizer, whenever local conditions seem ripe for that procedure, and practicable arrangements can be made.

Thoroughgoing changes in our schools will and should come, but they should be worked out along democratic lines to meet the needs of the entire community. And labor can well afford to watch closely the direction and progress of the reconstruction. For the powerful reactionary interests opposed to real democracy are seizing with all their vigor this tempt

ing opportunity to fasten more securely upon the children of this country an autocratic educational system, designed through an army of subservient teachers to turn out a servile generation inviting exploitation.

We will appreciate your co-operation in our movement to develop an aggressive citizenship in the ranks of the teachers, to democratize the schools, and thus to guard against this insidious danger threatening the fibre of our children and the future of every organized effort for democracy. Fraternally and sincerely yours,

MARGARET SNODGRASS,

Corresponding Sec'y.

CHAS. B. STILLMAN,

President.

MARGARET A. HALEY, National Organizer.

STATUTES COVER LAWLESSNESS.

Detroit, Mich.-The Evening News befogs the question of labor injunctions in an editorial protesting against the extensive use of these writs, which, the editor declares, "should cover only lawless acts."

Trade unionists deny any judge the right to decide what constitutes a violation of police statutes. One of the most important sections in the United States constitution is the trial by jury guarantee. Judges usurp this right when striking workingmen are involved, but they would be impeached if they dared extend it to other elements of society.

Organized labor insists that a jury shall always decide what constitutes a lawless act, a violation of the criminal code, if the accused so desires. On this theory it rests its opposition to labor injunctions. Unionists refuse to agree that judges have the right to "nibble" at the foundation of one of their fundamental guarantees.

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A visitor was going through an insane asylum once and came to a cell where a man was praying to a chair. "Who is that man?" asked the visitor of the guard.

"He was engaged to be married to a young woman," explained the guard, "and about a week before the day of the wedding she jilted him and ran off with another man."

In another cell they came to a man who was hitting his head against the wall.

"Who is that man?" asked the visi

tor.

"He's the fellow that married the young woman."

ON THE SAFE SIDE. Zealous Sentry: Afraid I can't let you go by without the password, sir. Irate Officer: But confound you! I tell you I have forgotten it. You know me well enough. I'm Major Jones.

Sentry: Can't help it, sir; must have the password.

Voice from the Guard Tent: Oh, don't stand arguing all night, Bill; shoot 'im.-Tatler.

car.

NO COLLECTOR.

A woman and a boy boarded a street When the conductor came to collect the fares the woman opened her purse and took out a nickel.

"You'll have to pay for the boy," said the conductor.

"Well, I guess I won't. I never paid for him before, and I won't pay for him now."

"How old is he?" asked the conductor.

"How do I know?" asked the woman. "I never saw him before."

OUT OF IT.

"Deed no, sah, I can't jine no army." "But your country needs you, Rastus."

"Can't help dat. It's impossible." "Why impossible, Rastus?" "Well, you see, my ol' woman has been ovah to de police co't an' put me unner bonds to keep de peace. No, sah, I can't do no fighting, nohow."

THE LAST THING.

An explosion had occurred on a battleship. Captain (making investigation) "How in the world did it happen?" he asked one of the sailors. "Well, you see, sir," replied Jack, "Tom Stewart went into the magazine and it a match." "Lit a match!" exclaimed the captain in amazement. "I should have thought that was the last thing on earth he would do." "It was, sir," replied Jack.

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A certain young man was about to take his senior examinations at college. Unfortunately at the same time his father was called away on business to Europe. It was arranged between them that a cable "Yes" would tell the father that his son had passed and would graduate. The single word "No" would tell the opposite story. The father went abroad and became deeply engaged with the business and forgot his understanding with his son. So when he received a cablegram with the single word "Yes" he was naturally perplexed. He cabled back, "Yes, what?" The son simply replied, "Yes, sir."

MATRIMONIAL MATHEMATICS. Two plus a baby equals a family. Two plus a mother-in-law equals a mob.

Two plus another woman equals a divorce.

Why do we speak of two people who have just wed as becoming one?

Because, thenceforth, they each miss half their lives.

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The chamber has appointed a law and order committee and these gentlemen are now preparing to put this city in a state of siege. Captain Dollar assured the committee that the only way to have peace is to send several ambulance loads of union men to emergency hospitals. He made loud claim that prosperity for doctors and nurses would settle the labor question.

The captain owns one or two vessels and is best remembered through his hostility to the seamen's law. When the European war started these vessels were under the British flag, but the astute navigator changed to the American flag that his property might be guaranteed against any loss incident to war times. Events proved there was no danger to English shipping on the Pacific, so the captain again changed to the English flag and blamed the seamen's law. Because of this act he received more publicity than a three-ring circus and he is now qualified to sit in the inner circles of anti-union confabs.

Chairman Koster, of the law and order committee, made a stirring address at a meeting called to "devise ways and means."

"I want to stir the red blood in your veins and take this matter in hand as it should be done. Bluff will no longer go," he shouted.

President Sproule, of the Southern Pacific Railroad, protested against mob methods favored by his colleagues. He did not favor establishing a vigilance committee to take the law in its own hands. He urged the more discreet policy of insisting that the municipal government be compelled to enforce the law "as the business men thought it should be enforced."

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