ENGLISH.

1636. Roger Williams began the settlement of Rhode Island at Providence.

1637. In the war with the Pequods the tribe was destroyed.

1638. Delaware was settled by the Swedes.

The 3d colony of Connecticut was planted at New Haven.

1643. Four New England colonies formed a Union.

1644. The Saybrook colony joined the Connecticut (Hartford) colony.

1650. North Carolina was settled on the Chowan river.

1651. Parliament, during Cromwell's supremacy, passed the first Navigation Act, which declared that the colonists should send nothing to England except in English ships.

1655. The Swedes in Delaware were subdued by the Dutch.

1656. The "Quaker Persecution" in Massachusetts occurred. 1663. Carolina was granted to Clarendon and others.

1664. New York was surrendered to the English.

New Jersey was settled at Elizabethtown (now Elizabeth). 1665. The Connecticut colonies were united under one charter. 1670. South Carolina was settled on the Ashley`river.

1673. Marquette descended the Mississippi.

1675. King Philip's war occurred in New England.
1676. Bacon's Rebellion occurred in Virginia.

1682. Pennsylvania was settled by the English.

Delaware was granted to Wm. Penn.
La Salle descended the Mississippi.

1689. King William's war began in America.

1690. Port Royal, Nova Scotia, was captured by the English.

1692. Plymouth was united with Massachusetts, and the Salem Witchcraft delusion prevailed.

1697. The treaty of Ryswick ended King William's war.

1702. Queen Anne's war began in America.

1710. Port Royal, N. S., was captured by the English (2d time).
1713. The treaty of Utrecht ended Queen Anne's war.
1729. Carolina was separated into North and South Carolina.

1732. Washington was born in Virginia, Feb. 22.

1733. Georgia was settled at Savannah.

1741. New Hampshire became a separate royal province.

1744. King George's war began in America.

1745. Louisburg was taken by the English.

1748. The treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ended King George's war.

1754. The French and Indian war began.

Washington defeated the French at the Great Meadows, but capit-
ulated to them at Fort Necessity.

1755. The French were expelled from Nova Scotia, and Braddock
was defeated at the Monongahela.

1756. Oswego was captured by the French.

1757. Fort William Henry was surrendered to the French.

1758. Abercromby was defeated at Ticonderoga; and Louisburg (2d
time), and Ft. Frontenac (Kingston) were taken by the English.
1759. Fort Niagara was taken by the English; Wolfe was defeated
at the battle of the Montmorenci; but he defeating Montcalm
before Quebec, the city surrendered to the English.

1760. Though the English were defeated in a battle near Quebec,
Montreal and the rest of Canada were surrendered to them.

1763. The treaty of Paris ending the French and Indian war,
left England in possession of the region north and south
of the St. Lawrence and east of the Mississippi.

Louis XIV.

Louis XV.

Causes of the War.

125

SECTION III.

THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD.

Causes

of

1. FOR many years England had governed her American colonies in a harsh, unjust, and selfish spirit. The colonies were ruled, not for their good, but for the benefit of English commerce and English work shops. They were forbidden to send their tobacco, rice, lumber, fish, or any of their other products, to any country except England. No foreign ships were permitted to enter their ports. Do we wonder, then, that the colonists were dissatisfied? And can we wonder that when fresh burdens were put upon them, they rebelled?

the war.

2. The French and Indian war had cost a vast sum of money. In order to carry it on, Great Britain had been obliged to borrow three hundred millions of dollars, thus increasing her national debt by that amount. The English government, therefore, asserting that the war had been waged in behalf of the colonies, further asserted that they ought to bear a part of the burden. The right to tax the colonies was boldly proclaimed by Parliament; but the colonists did not agree to this. They claimed that during the war they had performed their full share in defending their territory, that their preservation as English colonies was quite as much for the benefit of England as themselves, and that they could not in jus tice be taxed by a legislature in which they were not represented. "Taxation and representation," they maintained, should go together! "This claim of the right of taxation on the one side, and the denial of it on the other, was the very hinge on which the revolution turned."

3. The remonstrance was all to no effect. A law was passed called the Stamp Act (1765). This required that all busi

The

ness papers, such as deeds, bonds, and notes, and all such printed matter as newspapers and almanacs, should Stamp Act. have stamps put upon them. The law, however, could not disguise the intent: it was "taxation by means of a stamp duty." Benjamin Franklin, who was then in Eng

PATRICK HENRY.

tor, after a pause, thus profit by their example. of it."

land, said that "America would

Indigna

66

never submit to the Stamp Act ;"
and America never did.
tion meetings were held, and pro-
tests were uttered. In the legisla-
ture of Virginia, Patrick Henry, a
young man highly distinguished
for his moral courage, spoke
with startling eloquence against
the injustice of the measure, ex-
claiming, "Cæsar had his Brutus ;
Charles the First, his Cromwell ;
and George the Third-" "Trea-
son! Treason!" was shouted from
every part of the house. The ora-
concluded the sentence : -may
If this be treason, make the most

66

66

66

4. James Otis, a brilliant, bold, and defiant orator, "the creator of the theory of independence," in the Massachusetts Assembly, also eloquently denounced the act, and, on his motion, adopted by the Assembly, a congress of delegates from nine of the colonies met in the city of New York to consult for the general safety." The Declaration of Rights and the petitions addressed to the king and Parliament, the work of this congress, were as nothing to the fact that a beginning had been made in effecting & unicn by which the colonies became, as the delegates expressed it, "a bundle of sticks which could neither be bent nor broken." While the congress was in session a ship with stamps arrived at New York, and "at once all the vessels in the harbor lowered