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man, and under its influence the theory and practice of co-operation was driven into the minds of the Irish people. Unsectarian and non-political, it knit together Catholic and Protestant, Nationalist and Unionist. It sent advocates out into the highways and by-ways, and fought doggedly against apathy and opposition. Its work was aided by the spread of agricultural education, ar since 1900 its achievements have been wonderful. By 1917 there were 940 societies; of these, 340 were creameries; 250 were concerned with purchase and sale of implements, fertilizers and seeds; 170 were credit banks, and the remainder were flax-treating, poultry-keeping, bacon-curing, and other societies. In all 114,000 farmers were enrolled and the turnover was over £7,500,000. Agricultural co-operation has played an exceedingly important part in altering the whole countenance of Irish rural life.

Conclusion. Agricultural co-operation, therefore, has met a vital need, and small farmers in many parts of the world have been quick to take advantage of it. Wherever it has succeeded it has released the land-worker from the grip of some outside exploiter, and has given to the producer a greater share of the value he has created. As it progresses it strengthens the hand of the small man and brings a very necessary community of interests and sense of corporate well-being into the country districts. Its success creates two dangers. In the first place, the peasant proprietors may attempt to exploit such wage-earners as they employ, and this must be met by strong trade union organization. In the second place, the societies may use their strength to exploit the consumer and take advantage of the limitation of competition to extract high prices. This can be met by joint agreement with associations of consumers, but such agreement is not easily reached.

Books Recommended. Fay, C. R., "Co-operation at Home and Abroad'; Wolff, "People's Banks'; Pratt, E. A., "Agricultural Organization"; Plunkett, H., "Ireland in the New Century''; New StatesmanSupplement on Associations of Producers, February 14, 1914.

INDEX.

Agriculture: scientific, 9f, 18;

War and, 13; co-operation, 17,
279ff; education, 17; encourage-
ment of, 80; Depression, 87;
co-operative credit banks, 280f;
co-operative productive socie-
ties, 281ff.

Amalg. Soc. of Engineers, 120,
125ff, 136.

American Federation of Labour,
119, 149, 152ff, 246, 274.
Apprenticeship, 3, 81, 107.
Arbitration Courts, 111, ch. 18.
Argentine, 18f.

Australia: land settlement, 20ff;
land legislation and tenure, 23ff;
banking in, 35; note issue, 35;
fluctuations in, 46f; trusts in,
59ff; protection in, ch. 11; in-
dustrial growth of, 97, 102, 103f;
unionism in, ch. 16, 17; Chinese
in, 157, 179; wages regulation in,
ch. 18; distribution of wealth in,
192; state enterprise in, 232f;
co-operation in, 275, 282.
Australian Workers' Union, 159f,
170.

Austria, 146.

Balance of trade, 80.

Banking: rise of, 5; modern, 34f;
Bank of England, 5, 35, 46;
amalgamations, 36, 57; Com-
monwealth Bank, 35, 233; state,
232; co-operative, 272, 280f.
Bebel, A., 217, 218.

Belgium, 17, 106, 114, 147, 274.
Bellamy, E., 202.

Bismarck, 217; social programme,
111ff.

Bolshevism, 222, 226; land policy,

16; political aims, 254; economic
theory and practice, 254ff.

Bounties, 98f.

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Cheques, 35.

Child labour, 2, 107ff, 114, 115, 116.
Cobden, R., 70, 82, 84.

Cole, G. D. H., 120, 250, 252.
Colonial policy, 80, 81, 82, 89.
Combination Laws, 123f.
Commission government, 237.
Communication, means of, 6; im-
provement in, 30f; state owner-
ship of, 230.

Communist Manifesto, 205, 206,
216.

Competition, 67ff; restricted, ch.
7; international, 86f; and wages,
68f, 118, 207f.
Co-operation of consumers, ch. 26;
basis, 267ff; Rochdale Pioneers,
268ff; methods, 269ff; "divi-
dend,'' 270, 271, 276; growth of,
270f, 274; wholesale societies,
271ff; insurance, 272f; banking,
272; Co-operative Union, 273; in
politics, 274; extent of, 268,
274; in Australia, 275; em-
ployees, 276; limits of, 275.
Co-operation of producers, 254, ch.
27; basis of, 267; self-governing
workshops, 277f; failure of,
278f; agricultural, 17, 279ff;
credit banks, 280f.
Co-partnership and Profit-sharing,
261ff; basis, 261; motives of,
261f; methods of, 263f; extent
of, 261f, 264f; comments on,
265f; trade unionism and, 262,
263, 266.
Copyholders, 7.

Corn Laws, 80, 82.

Credit, 34f; and crises, 44ff.
Deakin, A., 97, 100, 101, 185.

Democracy: growth of, 190f; and
foreign policy, 37, 193, in indus-
try, 250f; of consumers, 270.
Denmark, 17, 280, 282.

Dickens, C., 71f.

Distribution of wealth, 191f, 212f;

effects of unequal, 192f.

Division of labour, 36, 151f.

Domestic system, 1-4.

Dorchester Labourers' Case, 125.

Dumping, 52, 58, 100.

Economic interpretation of history,
206, 211.

Inheritance, 192.

Eight-hour day, 110, 111, 144, 146,

157, 186.

Enclosures, 11; effects of, 12.

Engels, F., 203, 204, 205, 206, 211,
213f.

Entail, 13.

Fabian Society, 220.

Factory legislation, 70, 71, ch. 12;
principles of, 105f; and educa-
tion, 107, 109f; German, 112;
international conferences on, 116.
Factory system, 1, 3; rise of, 31f;
early conditions, 107, 109.
Feudalism, 7, 14, 17.
Fluctuations, ch. 6; features of,
41f; explanations of, 42ff; in-
stances of, 45ff; Marx on, 208f,

213.

Fourier, 148, 201f, 222.

France: land tenure in, 14, 15;
free trade in, 81, 82; unionism
in, 146, 244ff; socialism in, 221f;
self-governing workshops in, 277.
Free trade, ch. 9; theory, 77ff;
movement, 81ff; in Australia, 90,
94f.

George, H., 25, 75, 219.
Germany: land tenure in, 14; steel
industry in, 29; trusts in, 57ff;
Zollverein, 82; tariff in, 87, 88;
and Treaty (1919),
89; indus-
trial legislation in, 106, 111ff;
unionism in, 141ff; Revolution,
145f; socialism in, 216ff; agri-
cultural co-operation in, 274,
280ff.

Gladstone, W. E., 82, 84, 219.
Gold rush (Australia), 20, 24, 91,
92, 156.

Guild socialism, 250ff, 257.
Guilds, building, 253f.

Hamilton, A., 85.

Higgins, Mr. Justice, 101, 184.
Holland, 17.

Hours of labour, 2, 106, 107ff, 138,
149, 186; and output, 109, 115.
Hungary, 146.

Immigration, 18, 148, 150, 152;
White Australia policy, 97, 155,

174.

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Injunctions, 151.

Insurance: national, 110; German
social, 112ff; unemployment,

110, 111, 114; state, 232; co-
operative, 272f.
Integration, 52, 56, 229.
"International": First, 205, 219,
222, 224; Second, 224, 225ff;
Third, 225ff.

Ireland: land tenure in,

operation in, 282f.

17;

Iron and steel, 281, 98f, 103f.
Irrigation, 18, 22.

Co-

Italy, 17; unionism in, 147; social-
ism in, 222, 227; syndicalism in,
246; co-operation in, 277f.
I.W.W., 152, 153, 171, 227, 245,
246f.

Japan, 87, 90, 103, 106, 115, 116,
282.

Joint stock, 5, 33f, 46.
Kartells, 58f.
Kingsley, C., 72.

Kingston, C. C., 98, 178f.
Knights of Labour, 120, 148f.
Labour Party: Australian, 96, 97,
121, 155, 159, 171ff, 223; British,
131, 220f, 227.

Land tenure: English, 7, 191;
peasant proprietorship, 13ff, 212,
279.

Lane, W., 159, 223.

Lassalle, F., 216, 219.

League of Nations, 90; labour
legislation and, 116.
Liebknecht, K., 217.
Limited liability, 33f.
List, F., 85, 86.

Lock-outs, 128, 144.

London: financial centre, 6; dock
strike, 130.

Macarthur, J., 20, 23.

Machinery, 27f; and division of
labour, 37f, 152; and skill, 38f.
Malthus, T., 68.

Marx, K., 203-14; life, 204ff;
writings, 205f; economic inter-
pretation of history, 206, 211;
class struggle, 207, 211f, 242;
surplus value, 207f; overthrow
of capitalism, 208f, 212ff; criti-
cism, 210ff; and Bolshevism,
226f.

Mercantile System, 70, 79f.
Middlemen, 3.

Mill, J. S., 69, 74, 94.
Mir, 15, 16.

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'Mothers' pensions,'' 114f.

"Most favoured nation" treaties,
82, 89.

Munitions Act, 135f.
National Debt, 81.

Nationalization, ch. 23; of mines,
112, 138f, 231; of railways, 154,
230, 253; and workers' control,
250ff.

Navigation Laws, 80, 81.
"New Australia,'' 223.
"New Protection," 97, 101f.

New South Wales, free trade in,
94f.

New Zealand, 24, 178f.
Northern Territory, 22f.

Note issue, 35, 233; and crises, 45.
Oastler, R., 109.

One Big Union, 120, 143, 148, 159,
170f, 246, 247.
Open fields, 8f.

Osborne judgment, 131f.

Owen, R., 71, 108, 124, 125, 148,
196, 200, 201, 222, 245, 259, 268.
Panama Canal, 31, 237.
Parkes, H., 94f.
Partnerships, 33f.
Patten, S., 86, 89.

Peasant proprietorship, 13ff, 212,

279.

Peel, R., 82, 84, 107.

Perpetual leases, 25, 230.
Physiocrats, 67, 81.
Pitt, W., 81.

Place, F., 124.
Plumb Plan, 253.

Power, development of, 28ff.
Prices, 10, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 49,
50, 52, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60, 61, 75,
87, 104, 132, 134, 138, 154, 187,
213, 229f; regulation of, 13, 63,
134.

Production, large-scale, 26f.
Profit-sharing, 177, 261ff..
Protection: early, 79f; motives and
arguments for, 84ff; movement,
87ff; War and, 89f; in Australia,
ch. 11.

Proudhon, 201, 204.

Public ownership, ch. 23; motives
of, 228ff; extent of, 230ff; in
Australasia, 232f; results of,
234f, 239f; problems of, 235ff;
political influence and, 236ff;
control by commission, 237f;
efficiency of, 238f; consumer

and, 239; employees under, 240f;
workers' control and, 250ff, 253.
Raiffeisen banks, 280f.
Refrigeration, 21.

Reid, G. H., 95, 96, 172, 173.
Ricardo, D., 68, 206.
Ruskin, J., 73f, 262.

Russia: land tenure in, 15, 16;
tariff in, 86f; unionism in, 147,
256f; Bolshevism in, 254ff; co-
operation in, 274, 282.
Sabotage, 245, 248.
Saint-Simon, 201.

Science in industry, 31, 39.
Scientific management, 39f, 152f;
and unionism, 152f.
Shaftesbury, Lord, 109.
Sherman Act, 51, 53f, 151.

Shop committees, 136f, 247, 249,
255ff.

Shop stewards, 136, 247.
Small holdings, 12f.
Smith, Adam, 67f, 81.
Social Democrats (German), 111f,
140ff, 197, 216ff.

Socialism, chs. 19-22; writers, 71,
75, chs. 20, 21; Christian, 72,
190, 278; State, 74, 111; during
War, 145, 225ff; Guild, 75,
250ff; critical basis of, 190ff;
definition of, 196f; schools of,
196, 198f; ideal of, 197f;
utopian, 198, 222f; scientific,
199, 203f; opportunist, 199, 218;
revisionist, 210, 218; political
movement, 215-227; in England,
219ff, 227; in Germany, 216ff,
227; in France, 221f, 227; in
Belgium, 222; in Italy, 222, 227;
in Russia, 222, 226, 254ff; in
U.S.A., 222f; in Australia, 223f.
Social philosophies, 65-76.
Soviet system, 145f, 226, 254ff.
Spain, 147.

Spence, W. G., 147, 164ff, 171, 172,
176.

Spencer, H., 69, 196.

Squatting, 24.

Stock exchanges, 5, 34, 44.

Strikes, 130, 132f, 135, 138, 144,
151; 1890 strike (Australia),
162ff; prevention of, 178, 186;
general, 242, 245, 248.

Suez Canal, 31.

Sugar, and white labour, 98.
Sunspot theory, 43.

Sweating. 94, 110, 158, 179, 186.
Sweden, 146.

Syme, D., 74, 92f, 101.

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