The Price of Transportation Service: A Theory of American Railroad Rates

Acworth aggregate average cost carload carriage carried cc cc cc cents per ton-mile Class I railroads Commission computations constant costs cost per unit demand for transportation destination differential cost economic elastic equipment estimate fixed charges freight charges freight classification freight rates freight revenue gross ton-miles higher increase industry interest Interstate Commerce Act Interstate Commerce Commission investment involved J. M. Clark joint costs less less than carload load locomotives low rated lower rates maintenance market competition maximum mile mileage motor truck move offered for shipment operating expenses out-of-pocket costs out-of-pocket expenses particular passenger fares passenger train passenger-mile pot ashes PRICE OF TRANSPORTATION price per unit profit rail rates rail transportation railroad rates railroad transportation railway rate level reduction regulatory roads routes shipper statistical surplus capacity tariffs taxes terminal expense tion tonnage tons traffic will bear train-mile transportation service variable expense volume of traffic wholly