made but little use of the Ionic, but appropriated and highly embellished the Corinthian.

Most characteristic of the Roman development of architecture was the combined use of column and arch, later a favourite theme for the architects of the Italian Renaissance.

Roman carving and ornamentation was rarely so refined or pure as similar work of the Greeks, but was usually more decorative. The Romans were lovers of inscriptions, and, in their architecture, began to pay more attention to secular buildings, both public and private, than had previously been accorded them. Public works, such as aqueducts and bridges, became architectural monuments, as well as theatres, baths, and triumphal arches, while the private residences, or villas, became luxurious and elaborate to a degree, and were filled with paintings, statuary, bronzes and other works of art, including Greek antiquities.

Architecture was fast coming into a closer relationship with the people, ceasing to occupy its earlier position of exclusive consecration to the gods.

There were Roman temples, to be sure, but there were an even greater number of Roman secular buildings which have played as important a part in the subsequent development of architecture as the earlier monuments of Greece.

It must be remembered, however, that the architecture of Greece preceded and inspired the architecture of Rome, so that virtually all Roman forms were, to a greater or less degree, derivations from Greek forms. It will be important to remember, later, that the inspiration of the architecture of the Italian Renaissance came from Roman, not Grecian, remains, and that the Romans secularised the temple architecture of Greece.

BYZANTINE AND ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Before the final downfall and dismemberment of the Roman Empire in the year 455 of the Christian Era, with all the elaborate civilisation it had developed, there grew up two types of church architecture which struggled on through the Dark Ages, sustained by the warmth of religious enthusiasm, and, in their way, keeping the lamp of architecture burning until times more propitious for its further development.

These two styles are known as Byzantine and Romanesque the first of which, reaching a high development in itself, led to nothing else, and the second of which, by reason of its vital structural merits, grew directly into the great Gothic style, which was to completely fill the architectural stage until the coming of the Renaissance in Italy in the year 1400.

At this point in architectural history it may be illuminating to tabulate a few dates for reference in following the course of architectural development from the fall of Rome to the end of the Renaissance in Italy: CHRONOLOGY

End of the Roman Empire, 455 A.D.

Early Christian Period, from Emperor Constantine of Byzantium to Gregory I, Bishop of Rome, 300-604 A.D. In the Byzantine Empire (the eastern division of the Roman Empire), Emperor Constantine changed the name of Byzantium to Constantinople ("City of Constantine"), and adopted Christianity in 338 a.d.

In 527 A.D. the Byzantine Emperor Justinian began a twenty-year war, which finally drove the Goths and Huns from Italy, and strengthened the Eastern Empire of Rome. In 751 A.D. Rome became independent, in the form of the first Papal States. At this time the Italian

DETAIL OF A ROMANESQUE ARCADE Architecture enriched with a Byzantine treatment of mosaic. The carving and the diversity of the columns also show marked Byzantine characteristics

(Cloister arches of St. Paul-Beyond-the-Walls, Rome)

Lombards conquered the greater part of the Byzantine Empire.

The Byzantine Empire finally fell at the hands of Mohammed II, and Constantinople became the Moslem capital in 1453, half a century after the beginning of the period of the Renaissance in Italy.

From 900 to 1200 Italy was to some extent the battlefield of ambitious European nations, suffering many invasions and constant unrest.

From 1200 to 1400 such Italian cities as Venice, Genoa, and Florence grew steadily in prosperity and power, mostly through commerce.

There was no national Italian government at this time, the balance of power being diplomatically adjusted by five united parts: the Duchy of Milan, the two nominal "republics" of Venice, the Papal States (centred at Rome) and the Kingdom of Naples.

The dates of the great periods of the Italian Renaissance are given as follows:

Early Renaissance, Florentine.... 1400-1600

The years and periods covered by the foregoing dates, from the fall of Rome to the close of the Italian Renaissance, saw greater developments in architecture

than

any subsequent span of time. Great as were these developments, however, it is necessary here to deal with them in the briefest possible manner, pointing out such salient points as will later prove an aid in distinguishing the architectural derivations of to-day.