Radioisotope Applications Engineering

absorbed absorption coefficient alpha particle aluminum amount amplifier applications Atomic Energy atomic number background backscattering beta particles beta rays bremsstrahlung catalyst Chapter Chem chemical concentration containing counting rate counts per minute cross section crystal curies decay density detected determine dosages dose dosimeter effect efficiency electron elements emission emitted emitters exposure factor film fission products flow flux fraction G-M counter gage gamma radiation gamma rays half-life hydrogen interaction ionization chamber ionizing radiation irradiation isotopes laboratory license liquid mass number maximum measured metal method mg/cm² millicuries neutron nuclear Nucleonics nucleus obtained operation photocathode photomultiplier photons produced proportional counter radioactive materials radioactive tracers radiography radioisotopes rads range ratemeter reaction reactor regulations sample scintillation counter scintillation detector sensitivity shielding shown in Figure solution studies surface Table tagged target technique temperature thermal thickness tion tritium voltage X-rays