Man's Geophysical Environment: Its Study from Space: A Report to the Administrator of ESSA.U.S. Government Printing Office, 1968 - 132 páginas |
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albedo altitude Apollo Application areas atmos beam boundaries Camera System coverage crew data handling density detect determine earth electron Environmental Satellite Center environmental sciences ESSA's experiments Figure flight forecasting frequency function geodesy Geodetic geomagnetic geophysical global ground height high resolution Hydrography hydrologic imagery infrared Institute for Telecommunication Instrumentation Interrogation ionospheric Laboratory Institute Laser magnetosphere mapping Mc/s measurements ment meteorological microwave mission monitoring NASA National Environmental Satellite needed Nimbus Nimbus II noise observations observatory obtained ocean currents Oceanography operational parameters particles phenomena photograph Polar or high polar orbit prediction problem profiles Proposals radiation radio Radiometer regions requirements river scan scatterometer Sciences and Aeronomy sea ice sea surface Seismology sensors Shoal snow cover solar flares space disturbance space platforms spacecraft spectral Spectrometer stations surface temperature surveys synchronous orbit Table techniques Telecommunication Telecommunication Sciences tion TIROS troposphere unmanned variations water vapor waves weather wind
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Página 3 - Administration will then provide a single national focus for our efforts to describe, understand, and predict the state of the oceans, the state of the lower and upper atmosphere and the size and shape of the earth.
Página 112 - The quality most needed by a scientist serving as an astronaut might be summed up by the single word "perspicacity." The task requires an exceptionally astute and imaginative observer but also one whose observations are accurate and impartial.
Página 87 - ... and at the same time furnish the geodetic community with a data library for fast-response mapping capability, (d) To establish the necessary geometric fidelity for a worldwide system of satellite tracking stations as a prerequisite for the accurate determination of satellite orbits, which, in turn, will provide data ideally suited for analyzing gravimetric and related geophysical parameters. The basic problems to be considered are the use of satellite-borne photography for establishing geodetic...
Página 92 - The Department of Commerce, the Department of Defense and NASA are the main participants in the program which includes both passive and active satellites. Their efforts are supplemented by those of the Smithsonian Astronomical Observatory and the international community. The first active geodetic satellite, GEOS I, was launched on November 6, 1965, into an Earth orbit with an apogee of about 2,300 km, a perigee of about 1,100 km, and an inclination of 59 . GEOS I was fully operational until December...
Página 38 - ... center of the 15/z carbon dioxide absorption band. (Nordberg et al. 1966). Since a high correlation exists between these patterns and the 30 mb temperature field (Warnecke, 1966) the coming supersonic transport (SST) may benefit highly from global operational maps of this type. C. Wind Sounding Systems As has been pointed out in the beginning of this section it is desirable to know the global distribution of atmospheric flow as an initial condition for numerical weather prediction. Even if it...
Página 87 - These continental satellite triangulation nets will provide the necessary control for numerical photogrammetric aerial triangulation, executed from extremely high-flying aircraft or satellites to further intensify the geodetic control pattern in local areas in order to provide control density in accordance with specific topographic mapping requirements. The creation of such a control pattern...
Página 86 - He determines the size and shape of the earth, and the precise location of control points with reference to latitude and longitude.
Página xiii - ... e. Data collection and relay of oceanic surface data from buoys by synchronous satellites. In the field of Geodesy, a geometric-gravimetric experiment is recommended, to establish precise three-dimensional geodetic control in selected areas of the earth's land masses, and to determine the geometric shape of the geoid in its ocean-covered parts. The proposed instrumentation system comprises photographic frame cameras, panoramic and stellar cameras, laser and radar altimeters, with a total weight...
Página 46 - The equatorial zones are still a major question mark in regard to their precise role in the general circulation and one of the remaining problems of numerical weather prediction. Lack of data is part of the difficulty. Presently operational weather satellites make significant contributions to tropical weather analysis and prediction. The international Global Atmospheric Research Project foresees a field project, the "Tropical Meteorological Experiment" (TROMEX), to shed light on the tropical problem...
Página 51 - Office) Figure 2.5-1 . ESSA river and flood forecast opeations chart. hydrologic observation network. Satellite systems, with the multiple capacity to observe and to collect hydrologic data could become the vital organs of a total system for data acquisition, analysis, forecasting, and finally, for redistribution of the complete spectra of hydrologic information to focal points for warning, guidance, and decision-making. The global aspects of such systems suggest excellent opportunities for international...