of all great and important articles, the home production of which has been encouraged by Protection. Every species of property around their centres of industry and activity, comprehending wide regions, and extending, more or less, to the farthest bounds of the Union, has risen in value. All the minor manufacturing establishments, and all the mechanic arts, in the aggregate, exert an immense influence of the same kind, under a system of Protection. Labor rises; the products of agriculture rise; everything rises, but the prices of the protected articles of manufacture, which are always reduced, under such a system, as before shown. It must be seen, therefore, that the usual rate of interest for money, scarcely begins to measure the increase of value in the capital of the country, as the result of a protective system. Consequently it will be seen, that the estimate above made of an aggregate loss to the country, of $2,208,000,000, from 1791 to 1845, for want of Protection, does not even approximate toward the reality.

It must be obvious to every reflecting mind, that, whenever a new productive art, or a new productive pursuit, is started in the community, and sustained, it is a benefit to every other productive art and pursuit, directly or indirectly, proximately or remotely, because it takes one or more persons-in some cases many, even thousands-from some other pursuit or pursuits, and constitutes them customers to other vocations, as consumers of their products, instead of being themselves producers of the things which they now have occasion to consume. They give to those engaged in the pursuits which they left, or would otherwise have been engaged in themselves, more and a better business; these latter, in consequence, become better customers to others; and these others to others still, until the entire round of the productive arts, and the productive and useful pursuits of life, is reached and benefited by additional demands on the industry of all. Besides this, every new art or pursuit, the products of which are essential and important to the community, almost necessarily calls into existence other new arts and pursuits, to supply its demands; and these latter, the offspring of the former, themselves become parents of other arts and pursuits, in their turn; and so on, in almost endless progression. It diversifies labor, and makes every species more valuable to itself, because it has less competition, and there is more demand for it. Nor is it to be forgotten, that every product of every new art or pursuit, and the effect of every new application of skill and labor, is a new and substantial element of the commonwealth,

which did not exist before, diffusing its benefits all around. It is so much addition to the common stock of valuables—to the general, to national wealth. It is no answer to this, to say, that these several or many parties could or would have done as much in old arts and pursuits; for those engaged in the old will always produce as much as the wants of the community require. The effect of the multiplication of productive arts and pursuits under a protective system, is to make all arts and pursuits, old and new, more active, and more profitable to the parties, as well as more productive of national wealth. Suppose these new arts and new callings, each occupying a like position of importance in its relations, are multiplied indefinitely in a great community-that they go on in endless progression of increase as to number-and that each becomes a nucleus of indefinite, ceaseless aggregation. Their power of augmenting national wealth, then, becomes equally indefinite, boundless, interminable, immeasurable.

The new arts and new callings that have grown up in the United States, under the protective policy, can scarcely be counted, and the growth of some of them has become gigantic in their interests, and in the ramifications of their influence on other preexisting interests, to put them forward with equal strides, and to raise them to a corresponding importance.

It has been ascertained and well certified, that the Glenham woollen factory, at Fishkill, New York, with a capital of $140,000, gives profitable employment to $1,422,000 worth of other American capital, chiefly agricultural, in items as follows: 66,000 sheep, $2 a head, $132,000; 22,000 acres of pasture land, to feed the sheep, supposed to be worth in that county, $50 an acre, $1,100,000; farms employed to the extent of 2,600 acres, worth $70 an acre, $182,000; other capital, to furnish teazles, firewood, coal, provender, &c., &c., $8,000. Total, $1,422,000. To this should be added the sum of the wages paid to the operatives and agents of the factory, which would considerably increase the amount of capital employed. Nor is this the end of the calculation. All the persons employed in and about this establishment,

The manufacture of gold pens is a remarkable instance of the introduction and growth of a new art. It is not ten years since they were first made, and it is estimated that one million a year are now manufactured in New York, using up 800 pounds' weight of gold. The reduction of price by competition is no less remarkable. They were at first sold for $5, and may now be had for $1 50 cts. and $1. A single manufacturer employs in this business a capital of $80,000, and expends $1,000 a week for labor.

all employed to tend the sheep and cultivate the farms, to furnish teazles, fuel, and provender, and to supply any and all other demands, are withdrawn from other pursuits, to afford them a better chance of profit, and become customers to a variety of callings, and to a great extent, where they would otherwise have been themselves employed.

The city of Lowell, Mass., is the sole creation of the protective policy. In 1821, the ground on which it stands was used for ordinary agricultural purposes, and was then bought by the Merrimack company. In 1845 it had a population of 30,000, of which nearly one third were operatives in the mills, consisting of 6,320 females, and 2,915 males. The capital invested in manufacturing and mechanical enterprises, was $12,000,000. The annual consumption of cotton, 61,100 bales; (wool not given, but great ;) of coal, 12,500 tons; of wood, 3,270 cords; of oil, 67,842 gallons; of charcoal, 600,000 bushels; of starch, 800,000 pounds. Of course, these are only the leading and principal articles of consumption. More than a million and a half of dollars a year are paid for labor, and the profits are about the same.

Here, then, are 30,000 persons withdrawn from other occupations of the country by means of these establishments, and concentrated on this single point, all living by them, and giving so much better chances for those occupying the places which they would otherwise have filled, both parties becoming customers of each other, directly or indirectly. To this population must be added that employed to supply the raw cotton, the wool, the coal, the wood, the oil, the starch, the food and clothing for 30,000 persons, the building materials, the erection of the buildings, the furnishing of the houses, and the thousand articles of consumption that can not be named. If it be supposed that the capital of $12,000,000 invested at Lowell employs other capital of the country, in proportion to that invested at Fishkill, New York, as above noticed, that other capital thus employed would amount to $121,885,714. Nor does the vast benefit to other pursuits of the country, in preventing over-production, and in supporting the prices of their products, by withdrawing from them these 30,000 persons at Lowell, and the very great additional population occupied in charge of the one hundred and twenty millions of other capital employed by Lowell, come into this reckoning.

There are invested in the iron-works of the United States, exclusive of iron manufactories, upward of $20,000,000. (See Fish

er's National Magazine, June, 1846.) Say $20,000,000. At the same rate of calculation, demonstrating the result in the case of the Glenham factory, at Fishkill, this $20,000,000 invested in the ironworks of the United States employs other capital, of all kinds, to the amount of $203,142,857, not reckoning the capital of labor employed in these works, and the beneficial effects on other species of labor from which this is withdrawn.

The Hon. Mr. Ramsay, of Pennsylvania, gave to the house of representatives some instructive statistics on the coal-trade. (See National Intelligencer, September 1, 1846.) A part of them, bearing on the point now under consideration, lead to the following result that the investment of capital for the coal business, in the single county of Schuylkill, in canals, boats, horses, railroads, cars, locomotives, collieries, landings, working capital, coal-land, &c., &c., amounted to $26,856,000; that $9,330,000 of this was added under the tariff of 1842; that the agricultural products consumed in 1845 by those engaged in the coal business of that county, such as wheat, flour, corn, rye, buckwheat, oats, hay, straw, beef, pork, potatoes, poultry, butter, lard, milk, eggs, fruit, vegetables, &c., &c., amounted to $965,000; that the amount of the same products consumed in 1841 was only $588,000; showing an increase, in four years, of $377,000; that the merchandise of various kinds consumed, same year (1845), amounted to $1,758,000— increase on 1841 of $840,000; that many articles of considerable amount were omitted in this reckoning; that the farms in the county had doubled in value, and the value of those in adjoining counties was much increased by the same cause; that the amount of anthracite coal taken to market had risen from 360 tons in 1820, to 2,000,000 in 1845; to all which should be added the navigation interest to be found in the coal-fleet, engaged in this trade, a part of which, some scores of vessels, is constantly seen waiting for and taking in cargoes, at the dépôt on the Delaware, above Philadelphia. The employment which this trade gives to labor, the increased value which it imparts to both labor and property, and the wide-spread commercial activity which it creates, bringing profit to all parties, are but one instance of the power and benefits of aggregation, which a single great interest, like this, carries along with it.

The whole manufacturing capital of the United States was estimated some years ago at $300,000,000. The Hon. Charles H. Carroll, of New York, in a speech in Congress, 1846 (see National Intelligencer, August 7, 1846), puts the minimum estimate, for the

present time, at $500,000,000. It will be sufficient for the present purpose, however, to take the first-named estimate of $300,000,000. If this aggregate be supposed to employ other capital of the country, in the same proportion as the Glenham factory, without counting itself, or the wages of labor employed in the establishments, it puts in active operation, and profitably sustains, other property to the amount of $3,047,143,857. This, as must be admitted, is an

astonishing result.

Some manufactories may employ less, some more, of other capital, in proportion to their own investments, than that at Fishkill, New York. No accuracy, however, derivable from the minutest information of facts, could vary this general result, so as to affect the lesson which it teaches, in showing how new arts and new callings, in the aggregate, under a protective system, promote private, general, and national wealth.

Manufacturing and other arts create the only market on which American agicultural labor can rely. Does not every one see this in the experience of the past? Look at a manufacturing village. How quick it raises the prices of land in the vicinity, and turns farms into gardens, which are the most profitable species of agriculture. And not only is there this near benefit, but it branches out, and connects itself with the agriculture of the whole Union. Every new manufactory, of whatever kind, and in whatever place, gives life, activity, and profit, to agriculture, on a large scale. By these establishments, the workshops of Europe are brought to the door of American farmers-are planted alongside of their fieldsand the two parties supply each other's wants without the costs of transportation over seas, the farmer getting as much, or nearly as much, at home, as his products would command abroad, thus saving the costs of transport, and the parties retain among themselves all the profits of manufacturing skill and labor, and all the additional values which are imparted by art and labor to the raw material.