pilot-majors, pilots, cosmographers, and cartographers engaged in the discovery or description of the New World during the first half of the sixteenth century. An "Index Geographicus" will contain all the names of American regions, mountains, rivers, ports, and towns mentioned in maps constructed and historical accounts written before 1540. It will appear early in the spring of 1892, so as to coincide with the celebration of the four hundredth an. niversary of the discovery of America.

THE immense change that has taken place in London since 1850, when Cunningham's

well-known "Handbook to London" was last published, has made it necessary for Mr. Wheatley to practically rewrite great part of it, and the library edition of three volumes, which will appear next month under the title of "London Past and Present," will contain abundance of matter relating to the recent transformation which London has undergone, new buildings, etc., besides copious information drawn from documents brought to light since 1850. The alphabetical arrangement has been retained as the most convenient for ready reference, and a full index has been added, by means of which the reader is enabled to find the various places of residence of the famous men and women who have been associated with London. The work will be published by Mr. Murray.

A WORK of some importance dealing with the Eastern Question is about to appear from the pen of a French diplomatist. M. René Mil'et, the Minister of France at Stockholm, has collected the articles which he wrote in his former post at Belgrade for the Revue des Deux Mondes under the title of "Du Danube à l'Adriatique," and is having them reprinted in a volume entitled "L'Orient et les Balkans." M. René Millet, who previous to his diplomatic career held several administrative appointments in the departments, is the author of a valuable monograph, "La France Provinciale."

MISCELLANY.

GENIUS AND WORK.--"Those," said the great painter Joshua Reynolds, "who have undertaken to write on our art, and have represented it as a kind of inspiration, as a gift bestowed upon peculiar favorites at their birth, seem to ensure a much more favorable disposition from their readers, and have a much more captivating and liberal air than he who attempts to examine coldly whether there are

any means by which this art may be acquired, how the mind may be strengthened and expanded, and what guides will show the way to eminence. It is very natural for those who are unacquainted with the cause of anything extraordinary, to be astonished at the effect, and to consider it as a kind of magic. They who have never observed the gradation by which art is acquired; who see only what is the full result of long labor and application of an infinite number and infinite variety of acts, are apt to conclude, from their entire inability to do the same at once, that it is not only inaccessible to themselves, but can be done by those only who have some gift of the nature of inspiration bestowed upon them."

One of the most decided and characteristic utterances on the subject of work is that of George Henry Lewes. It sounds like a veritable trumpet-blast to summon young dream. ers from a too long straying in flowery paths and moonlit groves. "There is in the present day," he says,

about genius, and its prescriptive rights of vagabondage, its irresponsibility, and its in

an overplus of raving

subordination to all the laws of commonsense. Common-sense is so prosaic! Yet it appears from the history of art that the real men of genius did not rave about anything of the kind. They were resolute workers, not idle dreamers. They knew that their genius was not a frenzy, not a supernatural thing at all, but simply the colossal proportions of faculties which, in a lesser degree, the meanest of mankind shared with them. They knew that whatever it was, it would not enable them to accomplish with success the things they undertook unless they devoted their whole energies to the task. Would Michael Angelo have built St. Peter's, sculptured the Moses, and made the walls of the Vatican sacred with the presence of his gigantic pencil, had he awaited inspiration while his works were in progress? Would Rubens have dazzled all the galleries of Europe, had he allowed his brush to hesitate? would Beethoven and Mozart have poured out their souls into such abundant melodies? would Goethe have written the sixty volumes of his works

had they not often, very often, sat down like drudges to an unwilling task, and found themselves speedily engrossed with that to which they were so averse?"

artist. Use the pen or the brush; do not pause, do not trifle, have no misgivings; but keep your mind from staggering about by fixing it resolutely on the matter before you, and then all that you can do you will do: inspiration will not enable you to do more. Write or paint act, do not hesitate. If what you have written or painted should turn out imperfect, you can correct it, and the correction will be more efficient than that correction which takes place in the shifting thoughts of hesitation. You will learn from your failures infinitely more than from the vague wandering reflections of a mind loosened from its moorings; because the failure is absolute, it is precise, it stands bodily before you; your eyes and judgment cannot be juggled with; you know whether a certain verse is harmonious, whether the rhyme is there or not there; but in the other case you not only can juggle with yourself, but do so, the very indeterminateness of your thoughts makes you do so; as long as the idea is not positively clothed in its artistic form, it is impossible accurately to say what it will be. The magic of the pen lies in the concentration of your thoughts upon one object. Let your pen fall, begin to trifle with blotting-paper, look at the ceiling, bite your nails, and otherwise dally with your purpose, and you waste your time, scatter your thoughts, and repress the nervous energy necessary for your task. Some men dally and dally, hesitate and trifle until the last possible moment, and when the printer's boy is knocking at the door, they begin ; necessity goading them, they write with singular rapidity, and with singular success; they are astonished at themselves. What is the secret? Simply this; they have had no time to hesitate. Concentrating their powers upon the one object before them, they have done what they could do."

Of course Charles Lamb, with his sly and delightful humor, must needs look at this matter in another and altogether different light. "I wish," he says in a letter to Wordsworth, "that all the year were holiday; I am sure that indolence - indefeasible indolence-is the true state of man, and business the invention of the old Teaser, whose interference doomed Adam to an apron and set him a-hoeing. Pen and ink, and clerks and desks, were the refinements of this old torturer some thousand years after, under pretence of Commerce allying distant shores, promoting and diffusing knowledge, good,' etc.”—Chambers's Journal.

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"I am

HOW CRIME MIGHT BE APOLISHEDcertain," writes Dr. Anderson, the Chief of the Detective Police, in the Contemporary Review, that organized and systematic crime might be stamped out in a single generation.” Dr. Anderson is most indignant and sarcastic on the vagaries of judicial sentences such as Lord Herschell exposed last session. Why, he asks, perpetrate the amazing waste of time and labor and money devoted to attain results which might be reached so easily and so cheaply? Crimes of special gravity would always need the cumbersome and costly procedure of a trial; but in all ordinary cases the accused, on admitting his guilt, might be allowed at once to draw his sentence out of a lottery bag!" The burglar, says Dr. Anderson, is as much a professional man as the doctor or the engineer, and as long as the sentence is a lottery the profession will flourish and abound. A life sentence, like that imposed on the 'Muswell Hill burglars' last year, upsets all such reckoning. But that is regarded by the fraternity as a scandalous outrage on fair play. They look on it as a soldier would regard the use of poisoned bullets or the massacre of wounded men. As a matter of fact, that sentence produced a profound impression on the criminals of London, and its effect continued until confidence was restored by public proofs that it might safely be regarded as an instance of judicial eccentricity." Sentences, then, should conform to some fixed principles-which, according to Dr. Anderson, should be severity for confirmed criminals, and leniency for beginners. "The weakness now shown to hardened and inveterate criminals tends to encourage crime and bring the administration of the criminal law into contempt. When a man who boasts of having committed 100 crimes escapes with a sentence which turns him loose on society again after a few years' imprisonment, is not the whole proceeding an utter farce? Such a man is far more deserving of the gallows than is many a wretch whom we hang for murder ; and as hanging is no longer possible, and banishment beyond the seas is obsolete, a term should be put to his career in the way the existing law provides. Or, if public opinion be not yet ripe for life sentences in cases such as I have indicated, these outlaws ought at least to be placed permanently under police supervision; and this not merely in the interests of the public, but in pity for the criminals themselves. If, by persisting in a career of

crime, a man gives proof that his liberty is incompatible with the public weal, he should be placed in a state of social tutelage, for his own good, as well as for the welfare of the community."

But equally important with severity toward old criminals is mercy toward beginners. "Mr. Howard Vincent's Probation of First Offenders' Bill was a natural result of his experience as head of the detective police of the metropolis. No one could hold such a position without being impressed by the need of legislation in that direction. Imprisonment should be the exception rather than, as it is at present, the rule, in the case of first offenders. But the Act of 1887 is too little used, even in cases to which it applies, and there are numberless cases which do not come within its provisions, which might with propriety and advantage be dealt with on similar lines. Even under the existing law a court sometimes allows a convicted prisoner to enter into his own recognisances to come up for judgment if called upon, opportunity being given him to compensate the person aggrieved by his crime. Why should not such an arrangement be recognized by law?" In the case of beginners in crime, not only should sentences be short, but they should be served in separate prisons. "Certain prisons should be set aside in the principal centres of population, where offenders who are novices in crime should be treated mainly, if not altogether, with a view to their reformation. Workshops should be provided in connection with such prisons, to which prisoners might pass at once on their discharge, there to find employment until they can be again merged in the wage-earning classes of the community. The success of efforts in this direction by one earnest and practical philanthropist in London, with whose work I am specially acquainted, gives proof how much more might be done for the help and reclamation of offenders than has yet been seriously attempted. I refer to the work of Mr. Wheatley, of the St. Giles' Christian Mission."

parents to make their children brutal and vicious like themselves is still guarded with scrupulous care. It is a shameful admission to have to make, that the State does nothing to help, and something to hinder, philanthropic efforts for the rescue of poor hapless waifs like Harry Gossage. It recognizes no asylums for them save the workhouse and the reformatory, and the result is the production of an amount of statutory immorality' which is likely to become a great social danger. If some share of the money spent on judges and Jails were devoted to promoting institutions which really rescue and reform such children, fewer judges would be necessary. The Act of 1889 [Mr. Waugh's 'Children's Charter'] for the protection of children was a bold step in the right direction, and it affords an answer to any objection on doctrinaire lines to further interference with parental rights. But that measure, while it goes very far indeed in some respects, avails little or nothing in cases such as I have indicated. It would be an insufferable check upon philanthropic effort on behalf of the young to require that no child shall be rescued unless its parent or guardian has been prosecuted to conviction for cruelty or neglect."

The above-mentioned points cover the main part of what Dr. Anderson calls a crusade against crime." But there are two subsidiary measures to which he attaches great importance. "First, the facility with which stolen goods can be disposed of in London and the chief provincial towns is a principal incentive to offences against property. The problem this suggests is too large and too difficult for incidental treatment. I will dismiss it with the remark that while the pawnbrokers as a body are the best allies the police possess in detecting thieves and recovering their plunder, and without their co-operation police action would be ineffectual in cases too numerous to mention, on the other hand, there is a dishonest minority in the trade who are no better than licensed receivers of stolen property." Lastly, 'the haphazard system on which the criminal law is administered in England encourages law-breakers by affording them immunity from punishment. The duty of prosecuting, which in Scotland and in Ireland is undertaken by the State, rests in this country upon the unfortunate citizen who is aggrieved by crime, with the result that systematic crime goes unpunished year by year."

I.

ONE of the greatest path finders in archæology, the very greatest as regards prehistoric Asia Minor and Greece, has suddenly gone from us by an almost tragie end. It is a loss to the whole civilized world. As years rolled on, the name of Heinrich Schliemann had steadily grown among the learned class. Quite a galaxy of foremost men of science of various nationalities-such as Sayce, Virchow, Max Müller, Brugsch, Ranke, Müllenhoff, Mahaffy, the late Dr. James Fergusson, Burnouf, Calvert, and other kindred spirits in learning of no ordinary quality-testified to his merits, until at last his name had become a household word with all who pretend to any degree of intellectual culture.

NEW SERIES-VOL. LIII., No. 4.

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Who, indeed, has not heard of him that conjured up, with his spade, from the ground, the charred and blackened ruins, ay, and the treasures, too, of the "wind swept castle and town, "" whose fate forms the theme of the Homeric lays? Who is not familiar with the name of the discorerer of the Hero Graves of Mykenê, connected with the tragic story of Agamemnon and Klytaimnestra; of the so-called Treasure House of Orchomenos; and of the vast palace. of Tiryns, where the Kyklopean walls stand to this day, which' two thousand years ago were already the wonder of the classic age? Not to mention what he has performed or attempted. in Ithaka, the home of Odysseus, and in Egypt, the island of Kerigo, also, the ancient Kythera, has been a field of research for the indefatigable explorer.

There he brought to light the remnants of a pre-Hellenic temple of the Goddess of Beauty.

In his Universal History, Leopold von Ranke, the late patriarch of German historians, observes in regard to Dr. Schliemann's ever-memorable achievement:

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Beyond all doubt there has existed a primeval, prehistoric Ilion, as the excavations show. With its name the Homeric poems are connected." This real Ilion, which is no longer a sun-myth, gives the Greek epic, in Ranke's words, its substantial background and character. His further remarks point to a long strife that of yore had evidently taken place round Troy. It is a strife which, I believe we might be warranted in thinking, has only been condensed into a ten years' siege by the Hellenic bard, or by the rhapsodists that were before him. How many battles, with alternate successes or defeats, may have been fought between Eastern Europe and Asia Minor, between Greek and Thrakian, in a dim antiquity which lies beyond our ken! Looked at in this light, the ten years' beleaguerment becomes rather a poetic concentration, for the sake of the 76 unity of space and time," than an exaggeration of the real facts of the case.

More than twenty years ago, Schliemann began his own siege of Troy. Undaunted by the sneers of cavillers, he boldly handled the pickaxe, laying as it were the first strategical parallel, in order to get into the hill-enchanted town whose whereabouts had given rise to so much learned controversy. And, wonderful to say-what Maclaren, what George Grote, what Julius Braun, our gifted friend and fellow-student, whose too early death has been an incalculable harm to the science of art, had always strongly maintainedSchliemann victoriously proved it by actually unearthing the Burned City! Many a battle he has had to fight with sceptics and antagonists of different kinds; but truly he thrice dragged them round the walls of Troy.

In the words of Professor Virchow, an authority of first rank :

It is now an idle question whether Schlie. mann, at the beginning of his researches, proceeded from right or wrong pre-suppositions. Not only has the result decided in his favor, but also the method of his investigations has proved to be excellent. It may be that the enchanting picture of Homer's immortal poetry proved somewhat of a snare to his

fancy; but this fault of his imagination, if I may so call it, nevertheless involved the secret of his success. The Burned City would still have lain hidden in the earth had not imagination guided the spade. But severe inquiry has taken the place of imagination. Year by year the facts have been more duly appreciated.

And then Virchow proceeds to show that Dr. Schliemann has "solved the problem of thousands of years. "" In the same way, Professor Sayce, the distinguished philologist and inquirer in historical science, declares, after summing up all the evidence, that it is difficult to resist the conclusion" that Dr. Schliemann has indeed discovered Ilion." Therein lies the famed explorer's immortal merit.

He has, however, done more. He also gave us an insight into the life of the Hellenized offspring of that Thrakian race which in gray antiquity, after having first crossed over from eastern Europe into Asia Minor, repeatedly came back in various expeditions, effecting lodgments in what is now southern Greece, long before the Hellenes had settled there. Tiryns and Mykenê were once such Thrakian strongholds in the Peloponnesus. Kinsmen of Trojans, the warriors who settled in the peninsula under Pelops became the forbears of men who afterward contributed most powerfully to the overthrow of the 99 sacred Ilios. It reads quite like a page from the history of the Teutonic race, so often divided against itself.

Under many tribal names, such as Dardanian, Phrygian, Mysian, Lydian, Karian, Lykian, Thynian, Bithynian, Paphlagonian, and so forth, the Thrakians were spread over eastern Europe and Asia Minor. According to Herodotos (V., 2), they were "the largest nation of any among mankind, excepting the Indians; and if they had been under one ruler, or acted together, they would have been invincible and by far the most powerful of all nations." Their internal dissensions, he added, crippled their strength. It is even what Tacitus, five hundred years later still, said of the Germans. By the classic writers the Thrakians, whose noblest tribe the Getes were, who afterward reappear as Goths, are described as tall, with red or golden hair, blue-eyed, most martial, and highly musical, much given to Bacchic habits, but also to philosophical speculation and learning. Some of the Thrakian tribes were famed as workers in