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companied by 144 illustrations of singular beauty. Copies have been freely presented to distinguished persons and institutions, inclading the British Museum.

MESSRS, MACMILLAN & Co. are going to bring out a treatise on the " Principles of Psychology," by Professor William James, of Harvard University, brother of Mr. Henry James, the novelist. This work, which is in two volumes, is the result of long experience in teaching the subject. The author, assuming that thoughts and feelings exist and are vehicles of knowledge, thereupon contends that psychology, when she has ascertained the empirical correlation of the various sorts of thought or feeling with definite conditions of the brain, can go no further as a natural science, without becoming metaphysical. The book consequently rejects both the associationist and spiritualist theories, and in this strictly positivist point of view lies, in its author's opinion, its chief claim to originality.

In reply to the appeal of the vice-chancellor for outside pecuniary assistance, in his address at the opening of term at Cambridge, Mr. Frank McClean, formerly of Trinity College and now of Tunbridge Wells, has offered a capital sum amounting to about £12,000, for the purpose of founding three university studentships in connection with the sciences of astronomy and physics. He proposes that they shall be called the Isaac Newton studentships, and that they shall be specially devoted to gravitational astronomy and physical optics, one studentship to be filled annually and to be tenable for three years. The candidate elected is to be a bachelor of arts under twenty-five years of age, and to be of the highest attainments in the subjects named and in the branches of mathematics applicable to them. Trinity Col. lege is to be the trustee of the fund, whichit is not unworthy of mention-consists of ordinary stock of the two great London gas companies.

SIR RICHARD BURTON'S body has been embalmed by Mr. Grenfell Baker, his medical attendant and steady friend, and will be brought to England for burial in January. Lady Burton and Mr. Baker will return to England at the same time. A cast was taken of Sir Richard's face shortly after his decease by Mr. A. Letchford, who is going to reproduce it in bronze. Mr. Baker has finished the history of the Swiss upon which he was engaged when travelling in Switzerland with Sir R. Burton.

M. JUSSERAND has written a new preface for the second edition of his "English Novel in the Time of Shakespeare," which is to be issued by Mr. Fisher Unwin. A portrait of Green has been added to the new edition.

THE death is announced of the distinguished philologist, M. J. A. Scheler, known by his dictionary of French etymology and his "Lexicographie Latine du XIIe et du XIIIe Siècle." He also edited various medieval texts. He was a native of St. Gall, educated in Germany, and became librarian to the King of the Belgians—an appointment which led to his compiling a history of the house of SaxeCoburg-Gotha.

MR. ROBERT FLEMING, now of Liverpool, is compiling his "Forty Years' Reminiscences of Egypt," describing events and incidents from the time of Mehemet Ali, in 1842.

PROFESSOR GRAHAM'S "Socialism New and Old," which is to appear immediately in the "International Scientific Series,' is said to be an attempt to distinguish, by the aid of both historical and economic criticism, between those parts of the Socialistic scheme known as Collectivism which are practicable and likely to be beneficial, and those parts which are impracticable and of chaotic tendencies. Professor Graham supplies an historical account of the chief manifestations of the Socialistic spirit from the time of Rousseau to the present day. One of his chapters deals critically with "An Eight Hours' Working Day," and another with "Some Proposed Remedies for Low Wages and Unemployed Labor." His own position is fully explained in the chapters on Practicable State Socialism-Legislative and Administrative," and on "The Supposed Spontaneous Tendencies to Socialism," the final chapter in the book.

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PROFESSOR REMIGIUS STÖLZLE, of Würzburg, who recently discovered some important writings of Giordano Bruno, has now succeeded also in finding Abelard's treatise, De Unitate et Trinitate Divina, which was believed to have been lost. It is contained in a MS. originally belonging to the Cistercian abbey of Heilsbronn (between Ansbach and Nuremberg), and now to the University of Erlangen. Its title is Petri Adbaiolardi Capitula Librorum de Trinitate. In an essay by Professor Stölzle, it is made highly probable, if not certain, that the MS. in question is no other than the treatise for which Abelard was condemned, in 1121, by the Church Council at Soissons.

MR. TH. G. PINCHES, of the British Museum, has just discovered a new and important version of the Babylonian Creation story. It is on a tablet brought by Mr. Rassam from Kouyunjik, and forms a kind of introduction to an ordinary incantation. It begins with the time when the abode of the gods, plants, trees, cities, temples had not been made, when nothing had been created. "At that time Eridu was made; E-sagila was built-E-sagila which Lugal-du-azaga founded within the abyss." Then comes the making of Babylon and the earthly E-sagila, after which the gods and the Anunnaki, men and animals, the Tigris and the Euphrates are created. The tablet is unfortunately a fragment; but a considerable portion has been preserved, which it is to be hoped that Mr. Pinches will soon find time to publish with a translation.

CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS's Log-book, which tradition says was lost during a violent storm on the return voyage from the new world, has, it is alleged, been recently recovered by a Welsh fisherman while trawling near Tenby. Mr. Elliot Stock is engaged in producing a facsimile of the precious MS, and will issue copies during the present season. The reproduction will give all the appearance which such a volume would have after being submerged during four centuries.

MR. ARTHUR HALL, of Paternoster Row, London, is preparing an elaborate work for publication in illustration of his view that all primary Hebrew roots are identical with Sanskrit; that a good fourth of the Hebrew vocabulary consists of forms interchangeable with Greek, while a still larger proportion favor the Latin phonesis; all being co-derivatives from the same Indo-European roots. He fancies that considerable light is thus thrown on the formation of the Celtic and Teutonic branches.

CARDINAL NEWMAN's literary legatee, Father Neville, is still engaged in collecting the Cardinal's letters, toward which so much remains to be done that it would be premature to attempt to decide in what form his correspondence will ultimately be published. Neville is in frequent correspondence on the subject with Lord Emly, Mr. Wilfrid Ward, and Mr. Edward Bellasis, who were specially named to him by the late Cardinal for consul.

tation.

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ONE of the rarest of modern books is the little volume of his poems which Mr Ruskin collected from the magazines and issued for

private circulation in 1850. All of these poems were written before he was twenty-six. But Mr. Ruskin has from time to time written others, which have never appeared in print. He has, however, now given permission to Mr. W. G. Collingwood, his former secretary, to edit all of his poetical work that he himself deems worthy of preservation. The new matter is nearly as large again as that contained in the volume of 1850. The whole will be arranged in chronological order and approximately dated, so as to furnish, together with notes, a sort of antobiographical commentary on the author's life. The mode of publication will be in two volumes, of about 230 pages each, with twenty-five plates from drawings by Mr. Ruskin never before published, illustrative of places mentioned in the poems, besides facsimiles. Three editions will be issued,

ranging in size from large quarto to small octavo. Mr. George Allen, of Orpington, hopes to have the work ready early in the new year.

MISCELLANY.

A GREAT GEM-CUTTER.-And in Berlin certain dwellings :-Professor Curtius' study, the most refined and delightful human habitation imaginable; Professor Ranke's quaint simple drawing room; and Joachim's house, with a grand piano standing in the middle of the polished floor in the music-room, from which other rooms open at either end-a beautiful spacious interior, which forms a fitting back. ground for the majestic figure of the kindest and most delightful of hosts.

But not less distinct and beautiful in my memory are the simple studio and salon of Carl Fuchs in the little village of Kempfeld. The studio is down stairs to the right, and, like all the rest of the house, has a dark-brown beeswaxed floor, polished as bright as a new chestnut. Green India-rubber plants and palms, in pots, stand about among the simple dainty furniture, a few casts from the antique on brackets against the light walls, and by the windows are the lathe and bench of tools, and a little table, on which was a collection of casts from the antique, arranged in boxes simulating a row of thick volumes.

The salon up-stairs has several windows draped with spotless white, a few fine old engravings on the walls, a nobly conceived lifesize head of Ariadne by Herr Fuchs himself, and some other casts on brackets; a cabinet

of stones, out of which came my prettiest "almond" of agate, and the most beautiful books on the little oval table by the sofa and in cases by the walls. "A man's attire and gait," says the book of Ecclesiasticus, are a trustworthy index of his nature quite as good evidence as either of these, or better, is the kind of nest human beings make for themselves or for those they love. Some people have only to be in a room, no matter how incongruous, for a couple of days, to make the place like them, as it were. The refinement, the many objects of beauty acquired, as we knew, by dint of frugality and hard work, the incredible cleanness and finish of everything in this simple little household, seemed to me such evidence of plain living and high thinking as I have rarely seen.

What interested us most, of course, apart from the personality of our host, was his work, and he very kindly showed us everything we cared to see. The stone is cut by being pressed against a drill worked by a treadle; the points of the drill are covered with ground diamond, and are of varying fineness according to the stages of the work. A portrait gem takes about a month to do, working as long every day as the exceedingly trying nature of the work will permit. I seemed to discern an unexpressed fear of the possibility that his eyesight might fail him, through Herr Fuchs' enthusiastic account of his occupation. What his lot would be in case of such an overwhelming calamity it is terrible to contemplate. We asked the price of a portrait of a gentleman in process of being worked from a photographthe stone about an inch and an half long, and a little more than an inch in breadth- and were told a hundred marks (£5). I do not know the actual value of these things, but I know that a small but most beautiful head of Antinous in onyx, by Herr Carl Fuchs, was valued in one of the best jeweller's shops in Edinburgh at five times the price it cost, bought, strictly in the way of business, direct from him; and I cannot help thinking that he is working immensely under the value of his gems. They are an artist's work, every one, not only in their extreme perfection of workmanship-that "rounded felicity of loveliness, to use Mr. Matthew Arnold's own happy phrase, which characterizes the work of the highest artists---but in strength and beauty and severity of conception, in what used to be called purity of taste. One of the finest he showed us was a head of Socrates in carnelian, on a white background, the red layer of agate

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superimposed upon the white, set as a man's ring in a setting of Herr Fuchs own designing, a wonderful little work of art. The bare stone for a gem costs from 10s. to £1 or more, and there is always just the chance of its splitting or failing in some way.

I cannot but think that if the work of this simple-hearted man and admirable artist were known to others besides dealers and middle. men in Idar and in Paris, he might very easily earn enough and to spare to fulfil his one great desire, to go for a time to Italy and Greece. He had studied modelling for some time under the German sculptors, the brothers Cauer, whose studio is at Kreuznach, and the gift they brought him from Italy, the collection of casts from antique gems, has only increased his longing for Rome and Florence and Athens.-Blackwood's Magazine.

GOETHE AND THE YOUNG ARTIST.-In the autumn of the same year, 1827, the servant presented Goethe with a card bearing on it the name of Wilhelm Zahn, "architect and paint. er." Zahn was young and unknown. He had heard alarming stories of Goethe's cold and arrogant bearing to strangers. One distinguished applicant for admission to the Goethe house had never received an acknowledgment of his letter. Another had ventured in, and then had timidly slipped into the courtyard to seek some attendant spirit favorably inclined. Two boys, the poet's grandsons, were there at noisy play. Suddenly a window was thrown up, and the much-desired face became visible. With eyes aflame and a leonine roar he cried, "You lubbers, will you keep quiet?" and the win dow came down with a bang. The boys were quiet, and the stranger fled in terror. Such tales were not encouraging to Zahn, architect and painter, even though he had begged the servant in announcing him to add the words, "arrived from Italy." If Goethe had been inclined to moroseness, however, these words would have charmed him into good-humor. Zahn was conducted into the reception-room, and in a few moments there entered a veritable Olympic Jove, with the great forehead and two great brown eyes of indescribable lustre. you have been in Italy ?" "Three years, your Excellency." "And have perhaps visited the excavations in the neighborhood of Naples ?'' "That was the special object of my travel. I made myself at home in an antique house at Pompeii, and during two years all the excavations were under my eyes.' Delightedglad to hear it," exclaimed Goethe, who had a

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way of dropping unnecessary pronouns. He drew his chair nearer and continued. "Have often advised the Academies of Berlin and Vienna to send young artists to study the antique paintings of the subterranean buildings; so much the better if you have done it on your own account. Yes, yes, the antique must remain the model for every artist. But let us not forget the best thing. Have perhaps some drawings in your trunk?'' "I drew the finest of the wall-paintings almost immediately on their discovery, and tried to reproduce the colors. Perhaps your Excellency would care to see some of them ?" "O, surely, surely, gladly and thankfully. Come again to dinner; dine at two o'clock. You will find some lovers of art. Have the greatest desire to examine your pictures. Auf wiedersehen, my young friend.”

Besides Goethe, his daughter-in-law, and her sister Ulrike, the new guest found at table the Chancellor von Müller, the architect Coudray, Vogel, Goethe's physician, and Eckermann listening to the words of the master as to the utterances of an oracle. The talk was of Italy,. and Fräulein Ulrike, amid the general praises of the glories of Rome, could not repress a little militant Protestantism directed against the Pope and all his works. Goethe, smiling, handed her a toothpick with the words, "Take this, my dear, and wreak your vengeance !"' The pictures-Achilles and Briseis, Leda, the marriage of Pasithea, Jupiter enthroned, and the rest-were duly exhibited; when suddenly the Grand Duke, in hunting costume and meerschaum in hand, entered unannounced. The situation was explained, and Zahn was invited to dine next day with his Royal Highness, but Goethe interposed. 'No, Zahn is mine for dinner." And so it was permitted to be. Ten days passed away rapidly. Goethe," says Zahn, was inexhaustible in questions, and knew how to win from me what was best and most secret, so that I often regarded myself with astonishment. In those precious hours he sank deep in golden memories of a golden life, and allowed me to look into his great and noble heart. That heart was indeed as great as his intellect. He knew not the shadow of envy, but embraced with warm good-will the whole of human kind, and he had helped hundreds of persons with word and deed, but always quietly and secretly."Fortnightly Review.

44

SPECULATIVE STATISTICS.--These come under Jevons's definition, “ occupying the debateable

ground between ascertained fact and reasonable conjecture.". According to the official school they are not statistics at all, but guesses, more or less accurate and of no scientific value whatever.

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Nevertheless, they constitute a very high order of statistics, and are by no means of that vague and uncertain character which opponents insinuate. Let us give a few illustrations. Some one inquires: "What are the numbers of Anglicans, Roman Catholics, etc., in England ?" The official statist replies: It is not known, because the census takes no cognizance of creeds." But I answer: "We know perfectly well, for the Registrar General's returns show that 72 per cent of the marriages are performed in the Church of England, 4 per cent in Catholic churches, and 24 per cent among Dissenters." Somebody else asks: "What is the consumption of eggs in the United Kingdom?" The official statist replies: "We can tell you the number imported, but not the home production." And I answer: "We have 20,000,000 hens, which lay usually 90 eggs each per annum, from which, deducting 10 for hatching, we have 1,600,000,000 home product, and 1,100,000,000 imported last year; in all, about 2.700,000,000, or 73 per inhabitant.” A third person asks: "6 What is the consumption of meat in the United Kingdom yearly?" The official statist replies: "Unscrupulous persons may make a guess, but we really don't know." I reply: "The sumption can be ascertained to 1 lb. per inhabitant, by the scale already giv. en in my observations on food-supply." A fourth inquires: "What is the value of shipping and merchandise lost yearly at sea?" The official statist says: "Heaven only knows." And I reply as follows: "The insurance agencies charge 1 to 1 per cent; hence, the losses must average about 1 per cent. The shipping in 1883 was 21,600,000 tons, and the merchandise carried over sea 153,000,000 tons. The loss was therefore216,000 tons shipping value,....£ 2,400,000 1,520,000 merchandise....27,400,000

Total

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.£29,800,000

The value of merchandise was £18 per ton, since that was the average in 1883 obtained by dividing the imports of all nations by the tonnage of entries. A fifth asks: "What is the value of British manufactures?" To which the official statist replies : 66 You might as well ask how many gallons of water are in the Atlantic Ocean." And I reply in the way

already shown, treating of manufacturing able fact that all the most distinguished writstatistics, in which the hardware manufactures

appear to reach 154,000,000 sterling per annum, and textiles by multiplying the value of fibre by two and a half. A sixth inquires: "What are the annual earnings of the British nation?" And the official statist replies: "These are matters beyond the reach of mortal ken, unknown even to experts such as we." And I reply briefly as follows: "The earnings are easily ascertained by summing up the following :

1. The rent of houses and lands, or rental valuation,

2. The value of food consumed in the year. 3. The value of cotton, woollen, linen, etc., goods consumed.

4. The cost of fuel, gas, and kerosene. 5. The amount paid for transport, say, double the railway earnings.

6. The sums expended in national and local taxes.

7. Three per cent on the above gross sum, for learned professions.

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8. The annual accumulation of wealth. These make up 1,260,000,000 sterling.' A ninth person asks: "What is the wealth of the United Kingdom, France, and the United States?' The official statist replies as before: "There are some things forbid. den for man to weigh or estimate, and this is one." And I answer: "Public wealth consists of ten items, all of which can be measured to a nicety, except one, the value of public works. Land, for example, is worth thirty times the assessed annual rental valuation. Houses are worth eighteen times the rental. Furniture (according to insurance agents) is always worth half the value of the house. Cattle, railways, and shipping offer no diffi. culty. Merchandise may be taken at six months' imports and exports; and as for public buildings and works, wo find churches cost £10,000 each, schools £1000, and highroads £500 per mile." The values thus summed up show:

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ers have dealt freely in the speculative. Dr. Farr's essays on the number of sick persons, Davenant's and Colquhoun's on financial matters, Chevalier's on the wealth of France, M'Culloch's on agricultural products, McPherson's on manufactures, and the various Mint Reports of Washington, London, etc., as to the quantity of gold and silver coin in use in each country, are purely speculative, but none the less founded on close observation and shrewd reasoning. Where so many illustrious men have toiled with signal success and profit, others may well endeavor to imitate their example. There is no higher class of satistics than the speculative, nor any which calls for more untiring labor. Its rewards are likewise great. Dr. Farr's discovery (which he announced to the Statistical Congress of 1860) that the number of sick persons at any time in a given city will be double the number of those who died in the whole of the preceding year, is sufficient to prove what practical results may be obtained by speculative studies. I began by saying that statistics are the most fascinating of all pursuits. If yon have any ulterior object, political or otherwise, you may find them dry, tedious, and unsatisfactory. But if you love Science for her own sake, she will return your affection, and invest your studies with a charm unknown to the votaries of wealth, pleasure, or ambition.-Contemporary Review.

DAHOMEY AMAZONS TO VISIT EUROPE. - A small detachment of the King of Dahomey's famous Amazons has received permission to visit Europe, and the female warriors are now being exhibited in Berlin. There are twentyfive Amazons and ten male companions. The women are coffee brown in color, slender, but not handsome. Their jet-black hair is partly covered by a cap made of cowrie shells, of which are also composed their many ornaments. Their faces are tattooed. They wear short blue woollen frocks reaching to the knee, with a kind of breast lappet upheld by straps crossed over the shoulders. The Generaless, Gumma, wears a frock of blue velvet. The ten men are darker in color and wear aprons and tail-feather helmets. They are all armed with very ancient French guns and sabres. Their performances consist of the roll-call, a war song before the battle, during which the women creep on all fours in a long line; sword exercise, and a war dance, in which the men are particularly distinguished by all kinds of astounding feats of agility.

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