JQ. Journalism Quarterly, Volume 68

activities advertising American Association audience behavior Broadcasting campaign candidates cartoons chain Chicago Defender circulation concern content analysis correlation Court coverage debates editorial El Universal enabling information Ethel Ethel L Ethel Payne ethical examined factor Fannie Lou Hamer film fourth wall Gannett hypothesis impact included individual influence involved issues Journalism and Mass Journalism Quarterly journalists Korean magazines Mass Communication mass media measure media effects messages newscast Newsweek non-Gannett ownership papers Payne perceptions political population population density position price discrimination problem programs public opinion diversity published racial radio random effects models readers relationship reported respondents Review role sample selected shows significant social sources Spiral of Silence stereo stories survey Table television theory third-person effects tion toy-based toy-linked University variables VCR movie rental World York