points in a manner at once clear, accurate and illuminating. In this task the author feels that the opportunity is as great as the responsibility, and that in the following pages it may be possible permanently to remove the subject of architecture as a whole from its present classification as a subject technical and place it in its true position as a subject of general and intimate contact with the every-day life of all of us. Architecture is a comprehensive subject, but should not fairly be considered a complex one. That it has often appeared to be involved in complexity and technicality is due to the fact that few critics or expositors have divided the subject into its logical parts for separate consideration. Architecture involves history, design, construction and practice, which main divisions suggest logical subdivisions. The present volume is not designed to be a history of architecture, nor is it a treatise on any one of the main aspects of the subject in general. It represents, rather, a careful effort to co-relate the essentials in a clear and concise manner, in order that the subject of architecture may become, as it should, a part of any liberal education, and may cease to be regarded as a "technical" subject. In the preparation of this work the author has endeavoured to give to each consideration of the subject its proper emphasis with regard to each other consideration, in order to develop a complete and serviceable exposition of the whole. The subject of architecture in general is of broad interest to everyone. To those who contemplate building, and who will consequently be called upon to exercise their judgment in the question of architectural design, the subject is of direct interest. The logical study of architecture, for either class, must begin with some acquaintance with the development of architecture, of historic types and forms, then with architectural design, in which forms are employed to create these types. Here will cease the study of architecture as a historic development, and there will have been acquired a practical familiarity with types' of building, styles, and the architectural forms characteristic of these styles. With this practical familiarity as a preliminary equipment, benefit then may be had from due consideration of the practical side of the subject-the selection of site, study of local conditions, natures of materials and the functions of the architect. This dual presentation of the subject forms the author's plan for the present work. The author wishes to acknowledge with gratitude the kind co-operation of the following architects and others who have generously extended courtesy in the matter of illustrations: To the architectural profession is due the present degree of merit attained by the architecture of this country, for the American architect has been forced to deal with conditions more difficult and more complex than have confronted the architects of other lands and other times. It would be difficult to overstate the further impetus to architectural ideals and practice which would be given by a more general, popular appreciation and understanding of the subject, and any effort to develop this understanding so that it will benefit architecture and public alike must call for the most serious and sincere effort of any writer in the field of architecture. In addition to an expression of indebtedness to all those architects whose works have contributed to the illustration of this book, the author wishes to acknowledge with gratitude assistance or permission connected with certain illustrations. These acknowledgments include Messrs. H. D. Eberlein, W. T. R. Price, Julian Buckly, H. W. Frohne, Braun & Company, and the Architectural Record. In the matter of text, the author's thanks are due to The Churchman for courteous permission to quote the major portion of the author's "Symbolism in Architecture," and to Arts and Decoration for courteous permission to paraphrase certain portions of the author's contributions thereto, relative to "The English Point of View in Architecture," " 'Building in Brick," and " The Inherent Qualities of Building Materials." C. MATLACK PRICE CONTENTS A PRACTICAL GUIDE TC STYLES The Nature of Architecture and its Place as Part of a Liberal Education. The Value and Benefit of Architectural Appre- ciation. Architecture not a Technical Subject. Some Fun- damentals of Architecture. Understanding of Modern Architecture Dependent upon Acquaintance with Past II. THE EVOLUTION OF ARCHITECTURE. The Growth of the Great Architectural Styles. The Archi- tecture of Egypt, of Assyria, of Greece, of Rome. Byzan- Gothic Architecture and Renaissance Architecture. Study of the Differing Expressions of those Two Great Styles in Italy, France, Spain, Belgium, England and Germany. A Study of the Immortal Qualities of Classic Architecture. Its Manifestations in Several "Classic" Revivals. The Important Place of Classic Architecture in the Design of V. BYZANTINE, ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC DERIVATIONS. ... 106 The "Romanesque Revival" in America. The Place of Romanesque Styles in the Architecture of To-day. Gothic Derivations, Ecclesiastical, Collegiate, Military and Secu- VI. ENGLISH DERIVATIONS, EARLY AND MODERN.. The Importance, Causes and Meaning of English Influences on American Architecture. The Anglo-American Country- House. The Adaptability of English Collegiate Architec- VII. LATIN DERIVATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE. Architectural Types Adapted from Italy, France and Spain. The Italian Villa in America. The Important Place of Italian Renaissance Architecture. French Influences in VIII. NATIVE AMERICAN ARCHITECTURE. American Types Characteristic of New England, The Middle Atlantic States, and The South. Creole and Spanish Colonial Architecture. "Secessionist" Work in New Styles Applied to Familiar Uses, and Old Styles Applied to New Uses. "L'Art Nouveau," The "Secession- ists" and "Modernists." The City House, The Office Building, The Loft Building, The Modern Hotel, the Apart- ment House and the Great Railroad Terminal. Style from Viewpoints of Relation to Site, Material, Gen- eral Appropriateness, etc. Local Materials and Local Labour Conditions. Foresight and Advice. Choosing an Architect. II. ARCHITECT AND CLIENT........ Building is a Business Transaction. How to Consult the Architect. The Nature of the Architect's Services. What Architect and Client should each Rightly Expect from the Other. Basis of Charges, Supervision, "Extras," etc. Architectural Drawings and Specifications. III. MATERIALS AND CONSTRUCTION. Consideration of Physical and Esthetic Properties of Build- ing Materials. Natures, Suitability, Comparative Costs, |