judgment like personality worths, freedom, etc., may be regarded as complementary values arising out of a harmonious coördination of objects of sensation. It is clearly shown that social values are merely individual estimates arising out of relations with other individuals. "The subject in the rôle of the individual, of the group or race, or of the impartial spectator, is the individual in different attitudes." By sharing the estimation of others, the individual's feelings and desires come to refer to ends beyond the self (pp. 27, 811 ff.). Herein lies the difference between marginal utility and exchange value. The purely economic theory of value is criticised. (1) It is held to be too narrow: (a) economic values cannot be understood apart from ethical values; (b) and psychical objects, personal worths, etc., are not adequately covered. (2) The relation of the object to the worth-feeling is not causal. (3) Values are modified by the individual's participation in the economic activities of the group. No use is made of cost or supply limitations, and the author does not keep the distinction between worth (utility) and value clear. LEWIS H. HANEY. University of Texas. The Social Ideal and Dr. Chalmers' Contribution to Christian Economics. By J. WILSON HARPER, D.D. (Edinburgh: Macniven and Wallace. 1910. Pp. xvii, 377.) Dr. Chalmers was an ecclesiastical tory: Dr. Harper is apparently an ecclesiastical socialist. Dr. Chalmers, in his avocational economics, came to a confused acceptance of physiocracy and malthusianism; Dr. Harper's state of mind may be judged by two citations: "Experiments have been made with selected seed and specially prepared soil, and these prove conclusively that, given fairly productive soil, there is really no limit to the land's productiveness, when it is treated scientifically" (p. 318), and again where he approves Chalmers' contention that "a great step is taken when the economist sees that a nation's trade does not require to go beyond, and is, indeed never safe when it does go beyond, its agriculture" (p. 339). The book under notice is the result of six lectures (the eighth series) delivered by Dr. Harper under the terms of the Chalmers' Trust. Over half of it is given to a philosophical, ethical, and sociological exposition of Dr. Harper's "social ideal," its aids and agencies. The re mainder is devoted to showing that Dr. Chalmers was an eminent economist, an anticipating precursor, and a moralizer in the science of economics. Nothing that the reviewer can write further could add to the impression he wishes to give, that the book is not worth reading. One caveat, however, he would add: he does not admit competence to weigh those parts of the book that are devoted to metaphysics and to Christian economics. But it all seems diffuse, illogical, and banal. Dartmouth College. GEORGE RAY WICKER. Economic Prejudices. By YVES GUYOT. Translated by FRED ROTHWELL. (London: Swan Sonnenschein and Company. 1910. Pp. 166.) The dialogue form of exposition here employed is unusual in economic literature and justifies itself only when there is a lively play of humor or wit. It must be said that there is little of either of these qualities in these pages. It may be that there was considerable Gallic salt in the original which dropped out in the process of translation, for there is sufficient internal evidence to show that this last was done with slight distinction. One naturally compares this work with Bastiat's Economic Fallacies and T. Perronet Thompson's Catechism on the Corn Laws (1827), and it is to their advantage. The chief subjects dealt with, beside the nature of prejudices and economic prejudices of a general sort, are prejudices (or fallacies) pertaining to exchange in general; the balance of trade; work and wages; taxation; protectionist prejudices; and socialistic prejudices. In substance the work is sound and beyond doubt many laymen might profit by its perusal. A professional economist who reads it will be impressed by a tendency towards dogmatism and, generally, by a rather oldfashioned flavor throughout. University of Vermont. NEW BOOKS C. W. MIXter. AMONN, A. Objekt und Grundbegriffe der theoretischen Nationalökonomie. (Vienna: F. Deuticke. 1911. BÖTTGER, H. Die Industrie und der Staat. To be reviewed. 10 m.) (Tübingen: COLSON, C. Cours d'économie politique professe à l'Ecole nationale des Ponts et Chaussées. Supplement. IV, V, VI. (Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1910. Pp. 48. 1 fr.) CONRAD, J. Leitfaden zum Studium der Volkswirtschaftspolitik. Fourth ed., rev. (Jena: Fischer. 1911. Pp. viii, 146. 2.80 m.) ERGANG, C. Untersuchungen zum Maschinenproblem in der Volkswirtschaftlehre. Rückblick und Ausblick. (Karlsruhe: G. Braun'sche. 1911. Pp. xi, 187. 3.60 m.) Published in the Freiburg series, edited by Diehl and SchulzeGävernitz. An historical study with special consideration of the classical school. HEYRAUD, C. De tout un peu, statistiques, économie politique et divers. (Paris: Dunod et Pinat. 1910. Pp. 276. 4.50.) An attempt to present statistics in a readable form. HOLLANDER, J. H. David Ricardo, a centenary estimate. more: The Johns Hopkins Press. 1910. Pp. ix, 137.) To be reviewed. (Balti MITSCHERLICH, W. Der wirtschaftliche Fortschritt, sein Verlauf und Wesen. (Leipzig: Hirschfeld. 1910. Pp. viii, 268. 5 m.) ROLAND-HOLST, H. Josef Dietzgens Philosophie. Gemeinverständlich erlaütert in ihrer Bedeutung für das Proletariat. (Munich: Verlag der Dietzgenschen Philosophie. 1910. Pp. 91.) STRESEMANN, G. Wirtschaftspolitische Zeitfragen. (Dresden: F. E. UNTERMANN, E. Die logischer Mängel des Engeren Marxismus. WAHA, R. DE. Die Nationalökonomie in Frankreich. (Stuttgart: F. To be reviewed. Economic History and Geography Slavery as an Industrial System. Ethnological Researches. By DR. H. J. NIEBOER. Second, revised edition. (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1910. Pp. xx, 474.) The first edition of this important study appeared in 1900, and it at once took rank as the most thorough and scientific book on those parts of the subject of slavery which it covered. The works of Cairnes, Ingram, Letourneau and Tourmagne are either fragmentary or unscientific. Although the author asserts that the present edition has been thoroughly revised, a careful comparison with the first issue reveals relatively little recasting either of form or substance. Some new descriptive literature which has become available since 1900 has been consulted and certain features of the interpretative portion have been modified, but in the main the book remains as it was. The author does not claim to have exhausted the subject, indeed he expressly states that some portions are reserved for later treatment, but he has made what will probably be the final study of those portions which he does cover. The mere list of authorities used, mostly ethnological literature and travels, occupies twenty-five pages of the text. There are two unequal parts, the descriptive and the theoretical. While specifically disclaiming the materialistic interpretation of history as "unproved" and "one-sided," Nieboer has adopted a point of view which is frankly and wholly economic in accounting for the origin of slavery, its forms and its abolition. Briefly stated, his theory is that slavery depends on how a tribe gets its subsistence. For purposes of scientific exactness slavery is to be clearly distinguished from other forms of dependence such as the subjection of woman and serfdom. In fact "slavery proper does not exist where there are none but female slaves." The field of investigation is limited strictly to savage or barbarous tribes. There is no discussion of slavery among the ancient classical nations, nor is there any attention given to western European states, except that three sections are devoted to serfdom in the mediaeval period for the purpose of comparing the systems of land-holding with those of barbarian tribes. There is abundant space devoted to America but it has to do with the Indians. After an exhaustive study of all existing primitive groups to establish the existence or absence of slavery, Nieboer proceeds to an interpretation of the relation of slavery to economic stages and modes of life. Five economic stages are recognized within the range of culture which the book covers, hunting and fishing, pastoral nomadism, and three stages of agriculture. In a hunting economy little use can be made of slave labor, though some fishing tribes keep slaves. Slavery is most likely to flourish where men live in fixed habitations, where they live in large groups, where food is abundant, and where the preserving of food is practiced. Within the area of savage or barbarous life, trade, industry and capital accumulation favor slave-keeping; but where skilled labor is wanted, slavery is of course not profitable, nor does it flourish where some specialized interest like militarism pre vails. In the agricultural period its existence depends largely on free land and, in general, Nieboer concludes that it is rarely prominent among people with closed resources. In brief, slavery is least likely to be profitable where subsistence is difficult to obtain. Consequently the land question, both as regards quality of land and systems of land-holding, is one of fundamental importance. The descriptive portions of the book are less satisfying than the theoretical. The authorities used are the best available and an enormous amount of labor is represented in the results obtained, but the arrangement is somewhat stiff and mechanical. It is in clear interpretation and lucid, usable conclusions that the author excels. The fact that the book was written in English by a Dutch scholar gives it special interest. Only a few minor slips are observable in the text, e. g. "Europa," "bij" instead of by, "Shahnees," etc. There is an elaborate index and a map showing the distribution of slave-keeping tribes. University of Indiana. ULYSSES G. WEATHERLY. A Suffolk Hundred in the Year 1283. By EDGAR POWELL. (London: Cambridge University Press. 1910. Pp. xxxiv, 121, 38 tables.) Not the least useful part of Mr. Powell's earlier volume, The Rising in East Anglia in 1381, is the transcript of tax lists printed in the appendix. His new book is primarily documentary, the introduction being short and the notes brief. It is concerned with two statistical records, to the more important of which Mr. Hudson called attention in 1899. In this we have what seems to be the only extant detailed return for a tax of one thirtieth levied in 1283 to finance Edward I's Welsh wars. Upon some seventy membranes are recounted by parishes the grain and livestock of each person upon whom the tax fell in the hundred of Blackbourne, Suffolk. The value of all items is given. Instead of transcribing the roll literally, Mr. Powell has taken the trouble to arrange its information in serviceable tables, to which he has added summaries and notes. The task has been one of much labor carefully performed. Study of such local documents as this is much to be desired in early English social and economic history. At present we are in uncertainty about population, distribution of wealth, land tenures and changing personal status. The inventory of 1283 re |