COLLIER, P. On the way to India. Scribner, Jan., 1911. Discusses the interest of Europe and the United States in the industrial and commercial development of the Orient. Dix, A. Deutschlands wirtschaftliche Zukunft in Krieg und Friedern. Jahrb. f. Nat. Oek., Oct., 1910. The remarkable economic expansion of Germany during the past thirty years is traced and an equally glorious future predicted. DODWELL, D. H. Economic transition in India. Econ. Journ., Dec., 1910. FOVILLE, A. DE. L'évolution géographique des civilisations. Rev. Econ. Intern., Nov., 1910. KREUZKAM. Das soziale und wirtschaftliche Element in der elsass-lothringischen Frage. Jahrb. f. Nat. Oek., Nov., 1910. A discussion of racial and industrial conditions. LADD, G. T. Economic and social changes in Korea. Journ. of Race Development (Clark Univ., Worcester), Oct., 1910. LEON HARD, R. Strakosch, Erwachende Agrarländer. Jahrb. f. Nat. Oek., Sept., 1910. A favorable criticism of Strakosch's book upon the agricultural development of Egypt and the Soudan. LEVASSEUR, E. Foires et marchés en France pendant la royauté féodale. Revue d'Hist. Doct. Econ., Nos. 3-4, 1910. The period covered comprises the 18th, 14th, and 15th centuries. The article is an extract from the author's forthcoming work, “Histoire du commerce de la France avant 1789." Ross, J. B. Agrarian changes in the middle west. Pol. Sci. Quart., Dec., 1910. The growth of large estates, the increasing number of tenant farmers, the crowding out of the small farmers and their compulsory migration to cheaper lands will undoubtedly have a serious influence upon the character of American institutions. Agriculture, Mining, Forestry and Fisheries BECKERICH, A. Le crédit à long terme en faveur de la petite propriété rurale. Journ. d'Agr. Practique, Nov. 10, 1910. A discussion of the main provisions of the law of March 19, 1910, which enables small farm holders in France to secure credit for long periods on reasonable terms. This law is a valuable supplement to existing homestead laws for improving the economic condition of small holders. BERNARD, F. 1910. La petite propriété. Ann. Ecole Nat. d'Agr. Montpellier, Oct., Reviews the causes which have been in operation in various countries of Europe, the United States, and Canada, tending to form an independent class of small agricultural proprietors; and discusses in detail the more recent legislation for the conservation, encouragement, and protection of the peasant class. BIPPERT, E. Studenten als Landarbeiter. Mitteil. Deutschen Landw. Gesellschaft, Sept. 24, 1910. Discusses the advisability of employing students as farm hands in Germany during the vacation season. Both sides of the question are presented by different authors. BORNEMANN, F. Allgemeine Grundlagen und Hilfsmittel des Landwirtschaftsbetreibes in Deutschland. Mitteil. Deutschland Landw. Ge sellschaft, Oct. 1, 1910. Sets forth by means of statistics and discussions the physiographical, commercial, economic and social conditions affecting agriculture in Germany. BRINKMANN, T. Uber Intensität und Rentabilität des landwirtschaftliche Betreibes. Fühling's Landw. Zeitung, Jy. 15, 1910. Illustrations are given of a large number of farms managed under different degrees of intensive culture, situated in different parts of Germany. The operation of farms is tabulated as to expenditures per hectare, gross yields, and net profits, and discussed in detail as to the relation of culture to profitableness. D'AUTHOUARD, A. Le caoutchouc au Brésil. Journ. des Econ., Nov., 1910. The production of rubber in Brazil must be put upon a more scientific basis to compete with that from Asia and Africa. DIDIER, C. Nos campagnes depeuplées, nos villes surpeuplées. Journ. Loc. Centrale d'Agr. de Belgique, Je., Jy., Ag., 1910. Discusses in detail the statistics and causes affecting the changes in the agricultural and industrial population of Belgium from 1846 to 1909; suggests remedies for the solution of the problem. GOLDSCHMIDT, H. Zur Geschichte der Grundbesitzverteilung in den ältern östlichen Provinzen Preussens. Jahrb. f. Nat. Oek., Sept., 1910. An account of the division of land holdings in East Prussia, Posen, Pommerania, and Brandenburg. GREGOIRE, A. La production bovine en Belgique. Rev. Econ. Intern., Nov., 1910. HARGER, C. M. The land movement and western finance. No. Amer. Rev., Dec., 1910. Notes the shifting of farmers to take advantage of the high prices of land; the strain put on the money market by the western land boom of 1909. The land movement now rests on a more substantial basis. KEMP, J. F. Geology and economics. Science, Jan. 6, 1911. Presidential address before the New York Academy of Science, Dec., 1910. A discussion of the duration of the supplies of iron, copper, lead, zinc, silver, and gold. There need be no apprehension as to the supply of iron ore, but for the manufacture of steel there is a serious problem owing to the lack of coking coal; cost of production is likely to increase; reserves of copper, lead and zinc are apparently limited, and, with the decrease in the output of copper or lead, gold and silver production will be affected. MOLINARI, M. Mouvement agricole. Journ. des Econ., Nov., 1910. Some results of experimenting in land fertilization are statistically shown. RORHBACH, P. Nature et colonisation dans l'Afrique sudoccidentale. Rev. Aside from the diamond mines, the economic possibilities of southwest Africa are bound up with the extensive utilization of pasture lands. The country is too arid for successful agriculture. Transportation and Communication ACWORTH, W. M. Studies in railway economics. R. R. Age Gaz., Jan. 6, 13, 20, 1911. A general survey of the subject of public control. ARNOLD, B. J. The urban transportation problem: a general discussion. Ann. Am. Acad., Jan., 1911. The problem is to find an equitable balance between the interests of the patron, operator, city, property owner, financier, etc. BELLET, D. Chronique des transport. Rev. Econ. Intern., Oct., 1910. A study of the railway situation in Great Britain. BRYAN, J. W. The railroad bill and the court of commerce. Am. Pol. Sci. Rev., Nov., 1910. The court is regarded as of doubtful necessity. CONWAY, T., JR. The decreasing financial returns upon urban street railway properties. Ann. Am. Acad., Jan., 1911. The author assigns as reasons, the decrease in the average earnings per ride, and the wide-spread and alarming increase in the cost of maintenance and operation, due largely to causes entirely beyond the control of the management. CUMMINS, F. S. Possibilities of freight traffic on interurban lines. Ann. Am. Acad., Jan., 1911. Regarded as favorable. CUNNINGHAM, W. J. Standardizing the wages of railroad trainmen. Quart. Journ. Econ., Nov., 1910. The increased wages granted by arbitrators in 1909 to employees of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad have been used by the railway unions as standards to which wages on other eastern railroads have been adjusted. Standardization of rates of pay per mile has led to inequalities in the actual wages paid on different railroads, on different divisions, and in different branches of the service. The intervention of national railroad organizations has altered the relations existing between railroads and their men. CURWEN, S. M. Economic factors in the selection of cars for urban service. Ann. Am. Acad., Jan., 1911. A strong trend in the direction of standardization of cars to reduce the cost of production, operation and maintenance. DELANO, F. A. Waterways: their possibilities and limitations. Gaz., Jan. 6, 1911. R. R. Age A valuable study of comparative costs of transportation by rail and water. DIXON, F. H. Physical valuation and capitalization. R. R. Age Gaz., Jan. 20, 1911. A reprint of the results of an investigation conducted by the Bureau of Railway Economics. EASTMAN, A. Express business on interurban lines. Ann. Am. Acad., Jan., 1911. A description of the various arrangements under which express traffic is being handled. FAVARGER, P. La situation des chemins de fer fédéraux en Suisse. Journ. des Econ., Dec., 1910. The writer examines the "programme du rachat" of 1897 and concludes that it has not been carried out successfully. Traffic has increased but it has been brought about by general economic development and not by the unification of the roads. FISH, W. Methods of increasing the efficiency of surface lines in large cities. Ann. Am. Acad., Jan., 1911. A consideration of safety, speed, regularity and certainty as to schedule, comfort of passengers, and economy. FORD, F. R. Valuation of intangible street railway property. Ann. Am. Acad., Jan., 1911. There are elements of value in street railway property, whether called by the terms "intangible property," "franchise," "earning power," "good will" or "going concern," which can be measured by methods more or less exact, and which have been appraised in recent notable instances at from twenty-five to over one hundred per cent of the value of the physical property. HAMMOND, M. B. Railway rate theories of the Interstate Commerce Commission. I. Quart. Journ. Econ., Nov., 1910. The first installment of an important investigation, intended to lead to an "inductive theory of railway rates." The following principles of rate adjustment are found to be recognized in the decisions of the commission: (1) relative values of commodities transported, (2) relative costs of transportation, (3) relative distances, (4) relative natural advantages of location, (5) special interests of given sections or of given classes of producers, (6) maintenance of competition, (7) effects of rates on railway earnings. Concludes that the cost of service principle has been recognized more generally by the commission than would be inferred from its formal utterances. HANEY, L. H. Railway statistics. Quart. Pubs. Am. Stat. Assoc., Sept., 1910. Suggestions for the revision and extension of the statistical work of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Certain desiderata are laid down with special reference to the character of the economic problems on which railway statistics should throw light, and examples are taken from the railway statistics published by European governments. HINES, W. D. Shall railroad rates be raised? Outlook, Dec. 10, 1910. Author is chairman of the Executive Committee of the A. T. & S. F. Railway. Benefits of improvements in railway efficiency should be applied to the road rather than to the benefit of the shippers. LEVY, M. Le rachat der chemins de fer au Japon. Ann. des Sci. Polit., Nov., 1910. A continuation of an article which appeared in the September number. Describes the method of taking over the various roads, the price paid, the political and financial difficulties, the Tetsudo-in (Bureau of Railroad Management), and its successful operation. MEINHARD, F. Das Verkehrswesen Rümaniens. Archiv f. Eisenbahnw., Dec., 1910. History and present status of water and rail traffic in Roumania. MOULTON, H. G. The Forth and Clyde ship canal. Journ. Pol. Econ., Nov., 1910. Concludes that the project is hopelessly visionary. NAGEL, R. Die Eisenbahnen Ungarns im Jahre 1908. Archiv f. Eisenbahnw., Nov., 1910. Other countries whose recent railway history is reviewed in the November number are: Russia, 1907; Belgium, 1907, 1908; Holland, 1908; Sweden, 1907, 1908; Norway, 1908, 1909. In the December number: Switzerland, 1908; Italy, 1908, 1909; United States, 19061908. PEARSON, H. G. Life of John M. Forbes. R. R. Age Gaz., Dec. 2, 23, 1910. Chapters from a forthcoming biography of Mr. Forbes, who was intimately connected with the organization and development of the Michigan Central, and the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy railroads. QUAATZ, R. Der preussische Eisenbahnetat. Archiv f. Eisenbahnw., Nov., 1910. The author, an official in the Prussian ministry of public works, gives a detailed account of the present status of the Prussian railroads and of the relation of their finances to the general financial problems of the kingdom. RIPLEY, E. P. Railroads and the people. Atlantic, Jan., 1911. Discusses the two theories of rate-making (1) valuation of service; (2) cost of service; in favor of the first on the ground of thereby promoting the greatest good of the greatest number. Admits that there have been discriminations due in part to prohibitions of agreements; asserts that rates have been reasonable and railroads have treated labor well. Expenditures to meet the demands for better ser |