(4) The complete report.

The bulletins of a special character will be those relating to some special subject; such as a particular branch of manufacturing, or population topic as sex, conjugal condition, illiteracy, and the like.

The bulletins of a general character will consist of two classes, those giving the figures for the United States as a whole and the individual states in comparison, and those giving the more detailed figures for an individual state. In each of these classes there will be bulletins relative to the three subjects covered by the Thirteenth Census: Population, Agriculture, and Manufactures, Mines and Quarries.

On December 5, 1910, Senator Dillingham transmitted to Congress the final reports of the Immigration Commission. These with documents previously submitted will make about forty printed volumes varying from four hundred to nine hundred pages each. In the main the reports are based on original data collected by the Commission.

The reports on Steerage conditions, Importation and harboring of women for immoral purposes, Immigrant banks, The immigration situation in Canada, and a partial report on Changes in bodily form of descendants of immigrants have been already issued. In addition two volumes containing abstracts or reviews of the various reports have been published, thus bringing together in an easily accessible form the more essential features of the complete reports, and making practicable a wider circulation of the Commission's findings than otherwise would be possible. The complete work will probably not be available until about July 1, 1911. The reports will be published as Senate Documents.

In the Report of the Commissioner-General of Immigration, for 1910 (Washington, 1910, pp. 248), further restrictive legislation is advocated. The statistical tables have been revised, so as to show data regarding immigration to the Philippines. A new table is also included to show the amount of head tax collected on account of aliens who entered during the year. The appendix contains a draft of a proposed new immigration act.

According to the Annual Report of the Secretary of Commerce and Labor (Washington, 1910), the Bureau of the Census is planning to compile statistics with regard to the fecundity of the population as indicated by the number of children born, and the number of children living, for women of different classes, in comparison with their age and the duration of marriage.

Bulletin 109 of the Bureau of the Census presents the final count of the Population by States and Territories, for 1910 (Washington, pp. 7). A map graphically represents the per cent of increase in

the several states.

Oklahoma has made a beginning in the publication of her vital According to the First Biennial Report of the Public Health Department (Oklahoma City, Nov. 1, 1910, pp. 349), 60 per cent of the births and 80 per cent of the deaths are recorded.

The Finance Commission of Boston has recently presented A Communication to the Mayor and City Council in Relation to the Abolition of the Registry Department and the Transfer of its Powers and Duties to the Health Department (Boston, 1910, pp. 19). A recent investigation made by Mr. Frederick S. Crum, of the Prudential Insurance Company, employed by the commission shows that there were many discrepancies in the reports of the Registry and Health Departments in the tables from 1872 to 1908; the two reports agree in four, and disagree in the other 32 years. Mr. Crum's report is a serviceable contribution to the technique of administrative statistics. In Nature (London), December 15, 1910, is a criticism of the statistics published in the annual report of the Chief Inspector of Mines, entitled Mines and Quarries. (London: Home Office; Colonial and Foreign Statistics, Part V. Cd. 5284.) Note is made that the value of comparative statistics is impaired because of lack of general agreement as to definitions; for example, in the United Kingdom a fatal accident is included in the statistical returns if death occurs within twelve months; in Belgium, within thirty days; while in Germany, death must be immediate. There are also variations in determining output; in France the return represents vendible coal plus colliery consumption; while in Germany, a certain allowance is made for wastage. Different rules are also found in the enumeration of persons employed. According to the critic, the labor involved in the preparation of this report is to a large extent wasted, and must be so until radical improvements are made.

The Deutsches Statistisches Zentralblatt, published by B. G. Teubner in Leipsic and Berlin, and just beginning its third year, summarizes the contents of all German statistical publications and treats also such publications in other languages as deal with statistical theory and method or with international statistics. It appears quarterly and costs eight marks a year. The editors are the directors of the Statistical Offices of Saxony and of Dresden and a member of the Im

perial Statistical Office. Thus the three main sources of German official statistics are represented.

Insurance and Pensions

THE PENSIONING OF SUPERANNUATED EMPLOYEES IN THE FEDERAL SERVICE. The matter of providing a system for the pensioning of superannuated employees in the Federal service is one which is receiving a great deal of attention by the Federal Government. The President and all of the heads of the Executive Departments have declared themselves strongly in favor of the establishment of some system by which this may be accomplished and various bills are now pending in Congress looking to this end.

The Committee on Department Methods created by President Roosevelt, or the Keep Commission as it is popularly known from the name of its chairman, made a careful investigation of this matter and reported to the President in 1908 its conclusion that a system for the retirement of employees in the classified civil service of the Government should be established. In investigating this matter it conferred with the National Civil Service Reform League and the United States Civil Service Retirement Association. A draft of a bill embodying its conclusions accompanied the report. In this report Mr. Herbert D. Brown was given the credit for originating the central idea of the plan and for the large amount of labor involved in working out its details and figures. Mr. Brown has continued his investigations of the subject and, under the direction of the Commissioner of Labor, has prepared three reports bearing on this subject, all of which were published as Senate documents in 1910. The titles of these three reports are: "Civil Service Retirement, Great Britain and New Zealand," (Sen. Doc. No. 290, 61 Cong., 2 Sess.); "Civil Service Retirement, New South Wales, Australia," (Sen. Doc. No. 420, 61 Cong., 2 Sess.); "Pension Fund for Municipal Employees and Railroad Pension Systems in the United States," (Sen. Doc. No. 427, 61 Cong., 2 Sess.).

Mr. Brown has also made a more elaborate and general study of the whole problem of pensioning Government employees, the results of which study are embodied in a report recently made to Congress. This report is not yet printed but probably will be, and it is to be hoped in such a form as to be available for general distribution.

The earlier schemes were elaborated with but slight attention to the actuarial principles involved. The reports of Mr. Brown though not

going as far in the way of presenting the actuarial factors of the problem as is desirable, yet contain a wealth of material and will enable Congress to act much more intelligently than has been possible in the past.

PERIODICALS
Theory

DAVENPORT, H. J. Social productivity versus private acquisition. Quart. Journ. Econ., Nov., 1910.

A brilliantly written paper, in which the genesis of the notion of production as a mechanical process and of the distinction between land and capital is imputed to mercantilistic, physiocratic, and common law preconceptions. The current view of the rôle of capital is held to be optimistic rather than scientific. Private capital is essentially acquisitive rather than productive, and includes all costly or vendible instruments of acquisition.

DEL VECCHIO, G. Teoria della esportazione del capitale. Giorn. d. Econ. Ag., 1910.

A study of the ways in which the international movement of capital takes place, and of the principles that govern the movement.

EULENBERG, E. Naturgesetze und sociale Gesetze. Archiv f. Sozialw., Nov., 1910.

The first installment of an elaborate discussion thus far dealing only with the logical notion of natural laws.

FEILBOGEN, S. L'évolution des idées économiques et sociales en France depuis 1870. Rev. d'Hist. Doct. Econ., Nos. 3-4, 1910.

This concluding installment deals with the work of Cauwès, Gide, the followers of Le Play, and the Catholic school.

GERARD, M. L. L'augmentation de la capacité de production de l'industrie et son rôle dans les crises périodiques. Rev. Econ. Intern., Dec., 1910. Crises originate in those industries which furnish the material equipment of production to other industries.

HANEY, L. H. Rent and price: "alternative use" and "scarcity value." Quart. Journ. Econ., Nov., 1910.

Discusses the doctrine of Mill and some later writers that the poorest land used for any one purpose may command a price-determining rent on account of its availability for some other purpose. Concludes that in the long run this is not true, since all products may be reduced to the common denominator of utility. Even through short periods the determination of price precedes the transfer of land from one use to another. The so-called "scarcity value" of land does not enter into price, for cost of production may be measured at the intensive margin.

JAGER, G. Sinn und Wert der Materialismus. Jahrb. f. Gesetzg. No. 4, 1910, Concluding installment discussing the materialist philosophy of history, and some philosophical aspects.

JOHNSON, E. H. The economics of Henry George's "Progress and Poverty." Journ. Pol. Econ., Nov., 1910.

A detailed criticism of George's reasoning.

KRAWTSCHENKO, N. J. A. Blanqui, der erste Verkünder der Idee des internationalen Arbeiterschutzes. Jahrb. f. Nat. Oek., Sept., 1910.

An effort to claim for Blanqui an honor never before accorded him. LEHFELDT, R. A. On financiers' profits. Econ. Journ., Dec., 1910.

Holds that the control of large amounts of capital gives the financier a differential advantage or rent of a permanent and cumulative kind.

LOVEJOY, A. O. Christian ethics and economic competition. Hibbert Journal, Jan., 1911.

LEVY, R. G. Frère Orban, économiste et financier. Journ. des Econ., Nov., 1910.

An account of the writings and public services of the Belgian economist, especially for the period, 1847-1860.

LIEFMAN, R. Hermann Heinrich Gossen und seine Lehre. Jahrb. f. Nat. Oek., Oct., 1910.

An article called forth by the hundredth anniversary of Gossen's birth.

MANN, F. K. L'abbé de Saint-Pierre, financier de la Régence, d'après des documents inédits. Rev. d'Hist. Doct. Econ., Nos. 3-4, 1910.

PIGOU, A. C. A method of determining the numerical value of elasticities of demand. Econ. Journ., Dec., 1910.

UNSIGNED.

Answers to questions set in economics at the Institute of Bankers. Preliminary examinations, 1910. Bankers' Mag. (London),

Dec., 1910.

Economic History and Geography

BESNIER, M. Récents travaux sur l'histoire économique de antiquité grecque et romaine. Jour. des Savants, Nov., 1910.

An exhaustive bibliographical note covering many titles of books published during the last decade relating to the economic life of the Greeks and Romans.

BONN, M. J. Siedlungsfragen und Eingeborenenpolitik. Archiv. f. Sozialw., Nov., 1910.

An instructive account of the economic subordination of the native races in South Africa.

BOURGIN, G. Statistiques révolutionnaires. Rev. d'Hist. Doct. Econ., Nos. 3-4, 1910.

A reprint (from a manuscript in the Archives nationales) of an interesting account of the economic conditions in the department d'Eure-et-Loir in the revolutionary period.