employed. The homes were visited several times during the year by a health officer and all of the children who were alive at the end of the first year were weighed. The mortality among the children born of mothers employed either before or after child-birth was at the rate of 190 per 1,000 births, while among those not industrially employed it was 207 per 1,000 births.

It would not be safe to judge from these figures that the employment of women immediately before or after parturition is desirable, but it appears that in homes of this character the industrial employment of women is not an unmixed evil. The earnings of the mothers who were employed enabled the family to enjoy certain comforts of which they would otherwise have been deprived. One of the causes of a high infant mortality is extreme poverty, and this was to a considerable extent relieved by the employment of the mothers. There may also have been some artificial selection in that the more thrifty and energetic of the mothers were industrially employed, while the less ambitious were content to remain at home with fewer comforts. It is also extremely doubtful whether the regular light work in factories is more prejudicial to the health of the mother than the care of a household. The investigation also shows that in the larger families the mother was obliged to remain at home, while in the smaller families she was able to be employed outside the home.

The result of this and similar studies may have some effect upon legislation regulating the employment of married women. It is a question whether the additional poverty occasioned by forbidding the employment of mothers six months after confinement may not be a greater evil than their industrial employment. W. B. BAILEY.

Yale University.

Some Nativity and Race Factors in Rhode Island. By CAROL ARONOVICI. Reprint from the Annual Report of the Commissioner of Industrial Statistics of Rhode Island for 1909. (Providence: State Printers. 1910. Pp. 202.)

It is possible in the state of Rhode Island to make a study of the effect of immigration upon that community with considerable success, because in addition to census data the Bureau of Industrial Statistics has gathered information in regard to the nationality, size of family, etc., of women employed in gainful occupations.

The result of the present study has its principal value in that it shows that what holds true for the country at large is also true for Rhode Island. The author frankly states that "It is practically impossible to place any emphasis upon the degree of desirability or undesirability of one or another nationality or race group." There are, however, certain facts regarding the foreign population as a whole which seem to be conclusively shown. When compared by age groups, the proportion of married among those born in the United States of foreign parents is lower than those born of native parents or of the foreign-born. This would indicate a tendency among the natives of foreign parents toward a reduction in potential fecundity.

When compared by age groups, the native population seems to furnish a larger proportion of prisoners than the foreign-born. The rate of criminality for serious offences is higher for persons born in the United States than for any racial group among the foreign-born, with the exception of the Italians. The rate of criminality is, however, higher among foreign-born women than among native-born.

With regard to occupation, the better paid classes of work are controlled by the native-born population, but the native-born of foreign parents have shown, in the last three state censuses, a change from the lower to the higher grades of occupation. Those lines of work in which less skill is employed are being filled, to a considerable extent, by the immigrants who have come within the last few years. The statistics upon this point simply confirm the opinions of those who have given study to this problem.

There is a tendency throughout the volume to draw inferences from the tables which are not definitely supported by the figures. There is one general criticism which applies to a considerable number of the tables. No statistical table should be published in which the year to which the figures relate is not clearly stated. It is always unfortunate to be obliged to refer to the text in order to discover the year, or years, covered by the inquiry. The proofreading of the volume is apparently hastily done.

Since Rhode Island has a larger proportion of foreign-born than any other New England state it offers a good field for an investigation of this kind, and a student of immigration will find much of interest and value in this report.

Yale University.

WM. B. BAILEY.

The Immigrant and the Community: Addresses, Papers and Resolutions of the Fourth Annual Conference of the Society for the Promotion of Social Service in the Young Men's Christian Association. (Montclair, N. J. 1910. Pp. 103; charts; bibliography.)

Some Urgent Phases of Immigrant Life: Report of the Committee of Research and Investigation to the President and Members of the National Board of the Young Women's Christian Associations of the United States of America. Report adopted October 5, 1910. (Pp. 29.)

These pamphlets represent a useful endeavor of the Christian Associations to bring their members into personal contact with newcomers and to gain and spread a better understanding of the situation of immigrants in this country. The work of the Young Men's Association is in a more advanced stage than that among women, and benefits by the leadership of an exceptionally trained and wise leader in Dr. Peter Roberts, well known by his books on the anthracite coal miners.

The first pamphlet is not a bad compendium of information on immigrant questions, made up as it is of short and generally well digested papers by many of the best known authorities on immigrant questions. The writers include Professor Jenks and others representing the United States Immigration Commission, Commissioner Williams, Miss Keller of the North American Civic League for Immigrants, Mr. Benjamin Marsh of the New York Commission on the Congestion of Population, Mr. Jackson, former consul to Greece, Dr. Stella and others.

NEW BOOKS

E. G. B.

CABRINI, A. Emigrazione ed emigranti: manuale. Bologna: Zanichelli. 1910. 3 1.)

DEHERME, G. Crôitre ou disparaître: le loi de Malthus, la surpopulation, le néo-malthusisme, la dépopulation française, ses facteurs, les expédients, la solution positive. (Paris: Perrin. 1910. 3.50 fr.) FELICE, R. DE. Les naissances en France, la situation, ses conséquences, ses causes; existe-t-il des remèdes? (Paris: Hachette. 1910. 3.50 fr.)

Fishberg, M. The Jews: a study of race and environment. (New York: Scribners. 1911. $1.20.)

Pages 1-20, 225-269 treat of demographic characteristics, including a discussion of fecundity and marriage and mortality rates.

MORTARA, G. La mortalita secondo l'eta e la durata della vita economicamente produttiva. (Rome: Bocca Frères.)

Social Problems and Reforms

The Worker and the State: A Study of Education for Industrial Workers. By ARTHUR D. DEAN. With an introduction by Andrew S. Draper. (New York: The Century Company. 1910. Pp. ix, 355.)

The Problem of Vocational Education. By DAVID SNEDDEN. (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin Company. 1910. Pp. v, 85.) National Education. By JOHN M. GILLETTE. (New York: American Book Company. 1910. Pp. viii, 303.)

The Making of a Trade School. By MARY SCHENCK WOOLMAN. (Boston: Whitcomb and Barrows. 1910. Pp. iii, 101.)

Education is today in the same dualistic state that modern philosophy was in before the time of Kant. Descartes defined the essence of mind to be thought and that of matter to be extension. Then the problem arose: How can two mutually exclusive principles work together as do mind and body in man? One class of philosophers sought a solution by declaring that matter is only confused thought, and another by declaring that mind is only refined matter. It took the intellect of a Kant to make such a synthesis as would render further progress possible. As President Schurman declares, our present problem in education is the reconciliation of the culture of Athens with the technology of the modern world. Everywhere we see evidences of a seemingly irreconcilable antithesis between them, and this holds of higher as well as of lower schools. Chancellor Day, of Syracuse, and President Taylor, of Vassar, both express their unbelief in technical training, and declare that what the world needs is trained minds. Well, so it does. A million would not be too many; but even then there would still be ninety millions unprovided for.

A prominent leader of industry, Mr. Charles S. Cross, of the N. Y., N. H. & H. R. R., says that technology in his line has no use for the schoolmaster and his instruction. What it needs is just the boy. It will make him a skilled workman through shop apprenticeship, alone. Here mind is eliminated, and muscle rules supreme. Another authority, Dean Herman Schneider of the School of Engineering, University of Cincinnati, asserts that mind

can not develop normally except through the muscular exercise involved in industrial work. Were this true, the best estate of man would have been found in the sixteenth century, when every artisan was an artist. If we may believe history, however, the workman of that day was a giant in credulity, and a pigmy in insight. An instance from their estimation of what constitutes evidence will illustrate. When evidence was sought to prove or disprove a charge of witchcraft the accused was thrown into the water. If she sank and drowned she was held to be innocent; but if she floated and began to swim for the shore, she was declared guilty and deserving of punishment.

An industrial age demands an education appropriate to its spirit and needs. Tradition holds to old ideals, and either denies the validity of the new call, or asserts its own adequacy to meet all proper demands. It is personality, the development and perfection of the individual, placed in antithesis to the need for industrial efficiency in the form of acquired skill. Are the two irreconcilable? Must culture and technology be placed upon a teter-board, so that as one goes up the other must go down?

Each of the foregoing books contributes in its way to the solution of this problem.

Mr. Dean holds in substance the following positions:

1. The way out is through applied science. This means that culture courses will become modernized and vitalized through liberal application in the fields to which they apply. Man and his institutions are as important now as they ever were, but instruction in their domains must be focused upon the present and not lose themselves in a dead and dusty past. It means, furthermore, that technology must be grounded in the fundamental sciences. If culture without application to modern conditions is empty, so technology not founded on insight into principles is blind.

2. Every distinctive course in vocational education implies a recasting of the whole curriculum of studies in accordance with the leading purposes of that course. Like Copernicus of other days, we must make a new astronomy with the old stars. The studies are eternal, for they are the basis upon which a thoughtmastery of the institutional and industrial world rests, but they are capable of manifold adjustment to particular needs. How such a readjustment of general knowledge to special needs is possible is illustrated by the German text-books for Continuation Schools, and the English books on applied mathematics.